40 Native American Myths, Their Meanings, & Common Themes

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Including Indigenous stories of trickery and transformation
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Are you interested in knowing more about the fascinating world of Native American myths? They include everything from creation myths and animal myths to stories about mythical creatures , ghost stories , and myths about the end of the world . Keep reading for over 40 Native American myths that both teach and entertain. We’ll also discuss the main themes that are at the center of many of the most well-known Native American myths.

Popular Native American Myths

  • The Thunderers: Spirits who reside in the sky realm and control thunder and lightning.
  • The Bearer of the Sun: This deity carries the sun across the sky every day.
  • Rabbit Plays Tug of War: A rabbit tricks two snakes into a fake tug of war.
  • The Spider Woman: A creator weaving her web across Earth until the end of the world.
Section 1 of 10:

Native American Creation Myths

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  1. This creation myth involves a man who hunted seals, only to find they all escaped him by slipping into the water. His eyes welled up with seawater until he cried seawater tears. His family cried with him when he told them every seal he tried to hunt got away, and this was the origin of tears and crying. [1]
    • Tribal origin: Inuit
    • Theme: The origin of tears and crying.
  2. 2
    The Heart of the Monster A monster ate up every animal and person around. Coyote convinced the monster to swallow him, then used stone knives to cut himself out of the monster’s stomach, freeing all the animals and people the monster had eaten. Coyote then dismembered the monster and scattered the parts across the lands, representing each native tribe. [2]
    • Tribal origin: Nimíipuu, or Nez Perce
    • Theme: The creation of native peoples into tribes.
    • Coyotes have deep spiritual meaning among many Native American tribes, especially as a trickster.
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  3. 3
    Wind Cave Myth According to this myth, the Lakota people came into being from the spirit world through the Wind Cave, which is a sacred site located in the Black Hills of South Dakota. Bison were also said to originate from this place. It was originally called Oniya Oshoka, a place where the earth “breathes inside.” [3]
    • Tribal origin: Lakota
    • Theme: Origin of the Lakota people and bison.
  4. 4
    Iroquois Origin of Earth In this myth, Skywoman fell from the sky onto a large turtle’s back, which transformed into the land. Out of this, the earth was created, along with her twin sons, Tharonhiawakon (Good Mind) and Tawiskaron (Bad Mind).
    • Tribal origin: Iroquois
    • Theme: Creation of Earth, along with good and bad forces.
  5. 5
    The Thunderers The thunderers were nature deities who resided in the sky realm above Earth, and they were storm spirits that controlled thunder and lightning. They were also known as Ani-Hyuntikwalaski or Aniyvdaqualosgi and brought fire to the world by striking a hollow tree that went up in flames. They appeared as thunderbirds or in human form and were not considered threatening to people.
    • Tribal origin: Cherokee
    • Theme: Origin of thunder, lightning, and fire.
  6. 6
    The Gift of Corn For the Sioux, corn was a gift from the Great Spirit. It represented sustenance for those who ate it and was a blessing from the creator. Some versions of the myth featured a Corn Mother, also known as “the old woman who never dies,” as the source of corn. Corn was also associated with fertility, nourishment, and survival. [4]
    • Tribal origin: Sioux
    • Theme: The creation story of corn.
  7. 7
    The Ark on Superstition Mountain Cherwit Make, the earth-maker, came out of the clouds and formed human beings out of his own sweat. Once people multiplied, he decided to destroy them with a flood to punish them for their selfishness. He warned them to live peacefully until the prophet Suha built an ark to prevent further destruction from a flood. The ark then rested on the top of Superstition Mountain. Eventually, a couple came down from the mountain as the ancestors of repopulated humans. [5]
    • Tribal origin: Pima
    • Theme: The origin of humanity.
  8. 8
    How the World Was Made In the beginning, water covered the earth, while animals lived in the sky world. A water beetle named Dayuni'si dove down and brought up mud to the earth, which formed land. The animals then tied the land to the sky with 4 cords, and the Great Buzzard flew over the land and created mountains and valleys. The sun then shone, and humans came into being. [6]
    • Tribal origin: Cherokee
    • Theme: Creation of all things on earth (land, mountains, valleys, sunshine, humans).
  9. 9
    The River of Separation In this creation tale, the Navajo people came up from inside the earth. Once man and woman began to fight, and a river of separation emerged between them. They then reconciled, and the woman crossed the river on a raft sent to her by the man. [7]
    • Tribal origin: Navajo
    • Theme: Creation of the Navajo people, along with harmony, separation, and reconciliation.
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Section 2 of 10:

Native American Deity & Heroic Myths

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  1. 1
    Storm Man Brings the Summer In this myth, a boy called the “thunder boy” or “thunder child” was able to bring about storms and lightning. Some versions report that the angrier the boy was, the brighter the lightning. He was also connected to a group called “the thunder people” or “the thunder gods.” [8]
    • Tribal origin: Oneida
    • Theme: The creation of thunder and lightning.
  2. 2
    Shooting the Moon A young boy named Melgasoway was sent to retrieve a pumpkin under the full moon. Next to the moon was a smaller, yellow moon. The color of the smaller moon reminded the boy of the pumpkin, so he aimed his bow and arrow to shoot at the moon. The little moon fell from the sky and broke apart into many small yellow devils. Melgasoway was praised for his act and made into a medicine man.
    • Tribal origin: Various peoples in the Appalachian region.
    • Theme: How a boy became a hero by shooting the second of two moons.
  3. 3
    Osseo, Son of the Evening Star Osseo was the son of the King of the Evening Star. He was brought into human form by a magician named Wabeno. He experienced a hard life where no one recognized him, but his father eventually transformed him back into his true form as a beautiful youth. [9]
    • Tribal origin: Algonquin
    • Theme: Transformation and overcoming adversity.
  4. 4
    The Bearer of the Sun Also called Tsohanoai, the bearer of the sun was known to carry the sun across the sky every day. He appeared as a blue disk with a mouth, eyes, and sometimes horns. His wife was called Estsanatlehi, but he was known to have many other wives and children. [10]
    • Tribal origin: Navajo
    • Theme: How the sun rises and sets every day.
  5. 5
    Glooscap After the creator god Tabaldak created humans, the dust from his body became Glooscap. According to the myth, he was part deity and part trickster, yet he was also the first human. He helped form landscapes and create animals, and he created the good in the world, while his twin brother, Malsumis, created the bad in the world. [11]
    • Tribal origin: Wabanaki (Algonquin)
    • Theme: The balance between good and bad in the world.
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Section 3 of 10:

Native American Nature Myths

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  1. The Ice King was a personification of the coldest times of winter. According to legend, a young hunter destroyed the Ice King’s lodge, which brought on the springtime season. When winter came again, the hunter defeated the Ice King by lighting a huge fire in his wigwam until the Ice King retreated. [12]
    • Tribal origin: Passamaquoddy
    • Theme: Bravery and resourcefulness.
  2. 2
    Scraping the Clouds Two boys got caught in a snowstorm and ended up at an old woman’s home. She took her stone skin scraper outside and warned them not to follow. They ended up following her anyway and saw her sitting in the clouds and scraping at one-half of them until they revealed a blue sky. She chastised them and told them that she could only prevent cloudy weather some of the time. [13]
    • Tribal origin: Inuit
    • Theme: Why clouds and sun exist at different times.
  3. 3
    Wraith of the Creek This was a tale of a dark figure who dragged people and animals into the swamp or creek to drown them. The Wraith was depicted as a supernatural being and sometimes as a mother looking for her lost child. If passersby repeated the words, “I have your baby” 3 times, the Wraith was said to attack them.
    • Tribal origin: Muscogee Creek
    • Theme: Caution around bodies of water.
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Section 4 of 10:

Native American Trickster Myths

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  1. 1
    Wolf Tricks the Trickster In this variation of a “trickster tricked” story, Coyote tried to defeat Wolf, who was a creator god. He told him to stop resurrecting the dead, so the Shoshone people would hate him. When Coyote’s son died, he asked the wolf to bring him back, but the wolf refused. Different variations of this story feature different animals or creatures, like a raven or rabbit. [14]
    • Tribal origin: Shoshone
    • Theme: Permanence of death.
  2. 2
    Rabbit Plays Tug of War A rabbit tricked two snakes into a tug of war. He used a grapevine to convince the snakes that they were pulling against each other when they were each pulling on the grapevine. They met in the middle and were fooled by the rabbit, so they forbade him to drink from the river (but he managed to anyway). [15]
    • Tribal origin: Chickasaw/Muscogee
    • Theme: Transformation, resilience, consequences of actions.
  3. 3
    Crow Brings the Daylight A cunning crow tried to bring light to the Inuit people who lived in constant darkness. He obtained a ball of daylight through trickery and brought the daylight to the people; however, it had to be returned every night to the place where the light existed before the crow took it. [16]
    • Tribal origin: Inuit
    • Theme: The cyclical nature of daylight and nighttime in the Arctic.
  4. 4
    Coyote and the Columbia In this myth, Coyote helped create the Columbia River by digging a hole through the mountains. He also broke down a dam built by beaver women, which allowed the salmon to reach the people so they could be fed. [17]
    • Tribal origin: Sahaptin/Salishan
    • Theme: Survival, mortality, and respecting the natural world.
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Section 5 of 10:

Native American Animal Myths

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  1. 1
    Why the Opossum Plays Dead This tale was about how the character of the opossum tried to brown his tail by the fire out of pride, but burned it; this also explained why his tail was bare. Feeling ashamed, he rolled over and played dead. Living opossums are known for playing dead, and this defensive behavior is called “thanatosis.” [18]
    • Tribal origin: Cherokee
    • Theme: Resourcefulness, adaptability.
  2. 2
    The Eagle’s Revenge A hunter found an eagle eating a deer he had shot, so he shot the eagle. The brother of the eagle, disguised as a man, came into the village and killed 7 men taking part in an eagle dance. When an eagle was killed without proper rites, the eagle’s spirit took revenge on the tribe. He did so through acts of misfortune and hardship. [19]
    • Tribal origin: Cherokee
    • Theme: Retribution, consequence.
    • The eagle is considered a sacred animal to many Native American tribes.
  3. 3
    Legend of the Spirit Bear The spirit bear was considered a messenger between the world of humans and the spirit world. They appeared as rare black bears with a genetic trait that gave them white or cream fur and were thought to have supernatural powers that included leading people to magical places. [20]
    • Tribal origin: Tsimshian/Kitasoo
    • Theme: Balance, interconnectedness.
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Section 6 of 10:

Native American Mythical Creature Myths

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  1. As one of the most feared supernatural beings, the wendigo was a cannibalistic creature created when a human committed acts of cannibalism. The creatures were emaciated giants with large claws that were said to mimic the voices of others when luring victims. [21]
    • Tribal origin: Algonquin
    • Theme: Selfishness, greed.
  2. 2
    The Wampus Cat The Wampus Cat was a half-human, half-feline creature with green eyes who roamed the Smoky Mountains area and was thought to cause destructive and sometimes supernatural acts. Many believe the Wampus Cat was actually a woman cursed for listening in on a sacred ceremony. [22]
    • Tribal origin: Cherokee
    • Theme: Witchcraft, fear of the unknown.
  3. 3
    The Catskill Witch The Catskill Witch controlled both the weather and the coming of day and night. She was thought to be dark in nature and was sometimes associated with a shapeshifting Deer Woman. She was also responsible for creating the Catskill Creek and often leading human beings into dangerous situations. [23]
    • Tribal origin: Catskill Mountain region in New York, including Haudenosaunee, Esopus Lenape, Munsee Lenape, and Mohican.
    • Theme: Balance in nature between light and dark/sun and moon.
  4. 4
    The Wild Woman The Wild Woman (also known as Dzunukwa) was a withered old crone who carried a basket on her back, in which she kept captured children. She lived in the forest and took disobedient children, who she then ate. [24]
    • Tribal origin: Kwakwaka'wakw
    • Theme: Potential dangers in nature, disobedience.
  5. 5
    Skinwalker Skinwalkers were powerful creatures that could transform into or disguise themselves as an animal. They were also known to wear the skins of animals, possess human beings, read minds, and spread disease. Native Americans considered skinwalkers to be real figures that originated as humans who turned to the dark side. [25]
    • Tribal origin: Navajo
    • Theme: Consequences of breaking sacred laws.
  6. 6
    Bigfoot Bigfoot was a world-famous mythological giant, also known as Sasquatch, who lived in the forests. In this popular Native American monster myth , Bigfoot was recognized as a humanoid, ape-like creature. He was feared due to his consuming human beings and was seen as a warning symbol of negative things to come. [26]
    • Tribal origin: Various tribes, including the Ojibwe, Cherokee, and Spokane.
    • Theme: Respecting the natural world.
  7. 7
    Wild Man of the Woods Also called Bakwus, the Wild Man of the Woods was a supernatural being who lived at the edges of the forest. He lured humans into the forest and forced them to wander alongside him. He was sometimes depicted as being short, green, and wearing a mask. [27]
    • Tribal origin: Kwakwaka'wakw/Nuu-chah-nulth
    • Theme: Staying on the right path, the untamed nature of the forest.
  8. 8
    The Giant’s Cave In the story, the Paiute people battled with a group of cannibalistic giants with red hair named the Si-Te-Cah. The Paiute defeated the Si-Te-Cah and drove them into a cave located in Lovelock, Nevada. They blocked the cave’s entrance with brush and set it on fire, killing the Si-Te-Cah for good. [28]
    • Tribal origin: Paiute
    • Theme: The struggle between good and evil and resourcefulness.
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Section 7 of 10:

Native American Community Myths

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  1. 1
    How Selfishness Was Rewarded In this myth, a woman used magic to catch fish for her family, but decided to leave them hungry and eat the fish herself. She was punished for her selfish actions by being transformed into an owl. [29]
    • Tribal origin: Tlingit
    • Theme: Warning against selfishness and greed in a community.
  2. 2
    The Cherokee Rose This myth spoke about a magical plant called the Cherokee Rose that bloomed from the ground every time a Cherokee mother cried. These roses were said to bloom on the Trail of Tears in the 1830s when the Cherokee people were forced to leave their land in the southeastern U.S. [30]
    • Tribal origin: Cherokee
    • Theme: Resilience and hope of the Cherokee people.
  3. 3
    The Division of Two Tribes This story focused on a conflict that occurred between the Shoshone and Comanche tribes over access to the Manitou Springs that ran between their lands. As the fight went on, more and more tribes entered the conflict, which became about how small disagreements can escalate into full-on strife.
    • Tribal origin: Shoshone/Comanche
    • Theme: Dealing with conflict in the community.
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Section 8 of 10:

Native American Ghost Myths

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  1. 1
    Vampire Hermit A man and his family moved into an abandoned home, which was haunted by the corpse of a hermit who once lived there. The hermit lived in a coffin in the attic and ended up killing the man while his wife and baby fled. The Iroquois warriors eventually saved them from the hermit after hearing her cry for help and set the hermit’s house on fire.
    • Tribal origin: Iroquois
    • Theme: Finding support from others.
  2. 2
    The Man Who Shot a Ghost A man encountered a ghost while finding an abandoned lodge in the forest. He came into conflict with the ghost and wrestled with the entity. He also shot the ghost, which helped break it into many pieces; in some variations, he learned to defeat it using both respect and understanding. The tale was also called “The Man Who Wrestled With a Ghost.” [31]
    • Tribal origin: Sioux/Lakota
    • Theme: Showing respect for death, dealing with supernatural forces.
  3. 3
    Two Ghosts A hunter’s wife anxiously awaited his return from the hunt. After a knock at the door, she answered, only to find two females. She invited them in and then noticed their pale and gaunt appearance. A voice warned her that they were spirits wearing garments, but before she could do anything, her husband returned home with a deer’s carcass. The females grabbed bits of meat and repeated this action day after day. Soon, they became sad and revealed to the couple that they were ghosts who were sent back to test the sincerity of mankind. They blessed the couple and departed, and the couple lived a life of comfort and bounty from then on out. [32]
    • Tribal origin: Ojibwe/Chippewa
    • Theme: Positive results of spiritual encounters.
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Section 9 of 10:

Native American End of the World Myths

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  1. 1
    The Spider Woman The Spider Woman was a helpful creator figure in Native American mythology who was associated with weaving and fertility. Among Native American symbols and meanings , Spider Woman wove her web across the earth; when she finished, it signified the end of the world. [33]
    • Tribal origin: Navajo/Hopi
    • Theme: Fertility, balance, and harmony.
  2. 2
    Old Woman and Her Blanket According to this myth, an old woman worked at making her blanket strip for 1,000 years or more. It was said that when she finished the blanket strip of porcupine quills, the world would come to an end. She lived in a cave and was always joined by her black dog, Shunka Sapa. [34]
    • Tribal origin: Sioux/Lakota
    • Theme: Cyclical nature of time, patience, and persistence.
  3. 3
    Day of Purification The Day of Purification was a prophecy that talked about how the destruction of the old world signaled the new world. The Blue Star Kachina was the final sign of the Day of Purification and was a spirit formed in the shape of a blue star. On this day, cobwebs would also spin back and forth into the sky. [35]
    • Tribal origin: Hopi
    • Theme: Maintaining balance, respecting the natural world.
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Section 10 of 10:

Common Themes of Native American Myths

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  1. Many Native American myths center around a creation story that describes the origin of the world, in addition to people, animals, and physical sites. Some origin stories focus on important aspects of Native culture, like corn or sites like the Wind Cave in the Black Hills. [36]
    • For further reading, check out books on Native American myths that include everything from creation myths to trickster tales, transformation stories, and more.
  2. 2
    Nature and Animals Through tales of animals, mythical creatures, and sites in nature (like the forest or a river), Native American myths are very focused on the natural world. Stories might describe the personification of things like thunder and lightning, or act as tricksters to teach humans a particular lesson. Many of these myths serve as ways to warn people about the dangers found in nature, from drowning in a swamp to getting lost in the forest. [37]
  3. 3
    Community Stories about community tend to have moral lessons attached to the tale. Some myths like The Cherokee Rose act as a way to commemorate hardships—in this case, the Trail of Tears. Others promote a sense of support and community among a tribe or tribes, or warn against things like conflict, which can come in between two tribes. [38]
    • Community-focused tales also involve a sense of belonging for both people and the animal kingdom.
    • These tales also sometimes involve trickster figures that reveal a lesson about life in a community.
  4. 4
    Transformation These tales involving transformation highlight the cyclical nature of life and death, while emphasizing a personal or societal change that takes place. The stories may involve humans, animals, or supernatural beings who go through a significant change. The resulting moral often reflects the journey of life that everyone is on. [39]
  5. 5
    The Spirit World Native American myths often connect human beings to the spirit world, the underworld, or the Great Spirit. The Great Spirit is the Native American creator deity or supreme life force that rules over all things. Aspects of the spirit world or underworld are depicted as being found in hidden areas on Earth or in places beyond this life. Stories include tales of the afterlife and how spirit guides become a part of the soul’s journey, both during life and in the afterlife. [40]
    • Stories of ghosts often fall into this category; they involve lessons about how to deal with death and dying, which are disguised in stories about encountering spirits.
  6. As with other mythological traditions, floods and deluges are a significant part of Native American mythology. Stories like The Ark on Superstition Mountain recount a flood story similar to the biblical tale of Noah’s Ark. Floods symbolize destruction and also purification afterward. They often appear as punishments by the Great Spirit for humanity’s misdeeds. [41]
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      References

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      2. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/nepe/learn/historyculture/heart-of-the-monster-history.htm
      3. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/wica/learn/historyculture/the-lakota-emergence-story.htm
      4. ↑ https://www.artsundivided.com/post/2022-08-03-corn-mother
      5. ↑ https://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-arksuperstitionmountains/
      6. ↑ https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/cherokee-creation-myth
      7. ↑ https://open.maricopa.edu/worldmythologyvolume1godsandcreation/chapter/the-story-of-the-emergence-from-navajo-legends/
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      10. ↑ http://www.mythfolklore.net/3043mythfolklore/reading/cherokee/pages/13.htm
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      12. ↑ https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/religion-and-philosophy/wendigo-folklore
      13. ↑ https://www.appalachianhistory.net/2017/10/story-of-wampus-cat.html
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      20. ↑ https://www.pbs.org/circleofstories/voices/index.html
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      23. ↑ https://www.theindigenousfoundation.org/articles/the-history-of-two-spirit-folks
      24. ↑ https://ictnews.org/archive/apocalypse-prophecies-native-end-of-the-world-teachings/
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      32. ↑ https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/blog/a-flood-of-myths-and-stories/

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