Download Article
Download Article
You can use the Socratic method to show someone that they are wrong, or at least imprecise, by getting them to agree with statements that contradict their original assertion. Socrates believed that the first step to knowledge was recognition of one's ignorance. Accordingly, this method focuses not so much on proving your point but on disproving the other person's point with a series of questions ( elenchus ), resulting in their aporia (puzzlement). Law schools use this method to teach students critical thinking skills. It is also popular in psychotherapy, management training, and in other classrooms.
Steps
-
Sum up the person’s argument. Identify what the other person is arguing. For example, someone might say, “It’s best to give money away instead of spending it.” Often, people will believe that they are espousing common sense, which no one would disagree with. [1] X Research source- If you don’t understand what someone is arguing, ask them to clarify their beliefs. You can ask, “I don’t understand. What are you trying to say?” or “Could you restate that?”
-
Ask for evidence. Before beginning to really challenge a person’s point of view, you should ask them about their evidence. A person might quickly realize that they are merely repeating something they have heard before without thinking critically. You can ask the following questions to uncover evidence:- “Why do you believe that is true?”
- “Please explain your reasoning.”
- “What has lead you to that belief?”
Advertisement -
Challenge their assumptions. Ideas are like building blocks. Your conclusion rests on other blocks, some of which might be unproven. When an idea is unproven, it is an assumption—and assumptions can sometimes be wrong. After asking a person for their evidence, zero in on the ideas which aren’t supported by evidence. These are their assumptions.- For example, someone might say you should give away money because having too much money makes you greedy. This person is assuming someone doesn’t spend all of their available money on necessities.
- You can say, “But are you assuming people have money to give away after buying necessities? Is it best for these people to give their money away?”
-
Find an exception. [2] X Research source Identify a set of circumstances where the person’s statement would be false. For example, is it always good to give away your money? You can think of many situations where a selfless person might cause more harm than good. Consider the following:- The person who wants your money has a drug addiction. Ask your opponent, “Should I give my money away to someone who wants to buy drugs?” If the person says no, then follow up and ask why, which will help you tease out the other person’s thinking.
- You must provide food and shelter. Formulate this as a question: “Should I give away all my money when my elderly mum is dependent on me?”
-
Ask the other person to reformulate their argument. [3] X Research source Once they concede that the exception exists, they should reformulate their argument to account for the exception. For example, they might say, “People should give their money away if doing so would benefit society.” -
Continue to ask questions or raise exceptions. In the example above, you can ask the person to define what “benefits society.” You can also ask questions to pin them down if they are confused.- You should continue this process until you can’t invalidate the statement any more. [4] X Research source
-
Avoid getting nasty. The Socratic method is not about proving people wrong, so don’t be aggressive in with your questions. If your goal is to win an argument, then you should seek out different Greek philosophers, such as the Sophists. Indeed, the key to the Socratic method is to be humble. Don’t assume that anyone knows anything for sure. Question every premise.- If the other person starts to get flustered, you can say, “I’m just playing Devil’s Advocate” or “I’m trying to understand all sides of your thinking.”
- You might enjoy the other person’s confusion a little too much. Try not to gloat. Remind yourself that Socrates didn’t have answers for every question he asked, which is typical of an exchange using the Socratic method.
Advertisement
-
Prepare for class. In law school, a professor might call on you at random to discuss a case. There is no way to anticipate the questions your professor will ask. However, you can put yourself in the best position by thoroughly reading your assigned material and briefing cases. [5] X Research source -
Remain calm. You might feel panic when called on. However, if you’ve done your reading, then you’ve put yourself in the best position to engage in a Socratic exchange. Take a deep breath and then smile. [6] X Research source- It’s best to think of the Socratic questioning as a dialogue between you and your professor. Block out the other students listening in.
-
Answer questions honestly. The purpose of the Socratic method is to identify the contradictions and limitations in our own knowledge. For this reason, you need to be honest in your answers. Don’t try to anticipate what you think the professor wants to hear.- If you’re in law school, you should know the facts of the case and the court’s holding. However, apart from the facts, there are rarely “right” or “wrong” answers. Try to get into the spirit of the questioning by understanding its purpose: not to find the right answer, but to understand what you truly think.
-
Be as clear as possible. You’ll handle some complicated material in class, so your answers to questions might not be “yes” or “no.” Try to answer as clearly and completely as possible so that your professor understands your point. [7] X Research source- At the same time, strive to be as brief as possible. There’s no reason to give a long-winded answer if one isn’t required.
-
Realize no one is judging you. As you listen to a Socratic exchange, you are probably answering the questions yourself and struggling along with your classmate. Accordingly, there is no reason to be embarrassed if you are on the receiving end of Socratic questioning and have a deer-in-the-headlights look. -
Admit when you are stumped. You might reach a point where you can’t resolve the contradictions in your thinking. At this point you are truly stumped. Feel free to admit that you don’t know how to answer a question.- Remember that the Socratic method is something you can use with yourself throughout your life. You should constantly interrogate what you think is true.
Advertisement
Community Q&A
Search
-
QuestionHow do I ask questions using the Socratic Method?Community AnswerYou'd say something like, "Could you clarify _______?" or, "Sorry, I didn't understand what you meant by that, could you explain it again?" The point of this is not to argue with the person, but to have them explain clearly what they mean.
-
QuestionThe first sentence of the page states that the SM is about showing someone they're wrong, while the first sentence in 7 says it isn't. So, is it about showing someone they're wrong or not?Community AnswerNot at all. The point of the SM is to show why your reasoning is the most logical. You may disprove someone else's point, but that shouldn't become the focal point.
-
QuestionOn which subjects can the Socratic method be used?Community AnswerThe Socratic method can be used for any topic you want. This method outlines how you present an argument, it does not control what you choose to argue.
Ask a Question
200 characters left
Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered.
Submit
Advertisement
Tips
Submit a Tip
All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published
Name
Please provide your name and last initial
Thanks for submitting a tip for review!
References
- ↑ https://tilt.colostate.edu/the-socratic-method/
- ↑ https://www.law.uchicago.edu/socratic-method
- ↑ https://www.law.uchicago.edu/socratic-method
- ↑ https://tilt.colostate.edu/the-socratic-method/
- ↑ https://onlinelaw.wustl.edu/blog/the-socratic-method-why-its-important-to-the-study-of-law/
- ↑ https://www.law.uchicago.edu/socratic-method
- ↑ http://serc.carleton.edu/introgeo/socratic/fourth.html
About This Article
Article Summary
X
To argue using the Socratic method, start by asking questions to make sure you understand what the other person is claiming, then ask for evidence to support their claims. Next, challenge their assumptions by focusing on the ideas that aren’t supported by evidence. You can also find exceptions, like a set of circumstances in which the person’s statement would be false. Once you uncover the gaps in the person’s argument, ask them to reformulate their claim to account for the exceptions and unsupported claims. To learn how to respond to a Socratic interrogation, keep reading!
Did this summary help you?
Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 258,582 times.
Reader Success Stories
- "As an atheist, I often find myself in unwanted and unwelcome arguments with my theist family. This has taught me how to ask the right questions and to question myself always. We can't gain new knowledge unless we ask questions." ..." more
Advertisement
83%
of readers found this article helpful
.
Click a star to add your vote
% of people told us that this article helped them.
"As an atheist, I often find myself in unwanted and unwelcome arguments with my theist family. This has taught me how to ask the right questions and to question myself always. We can't gain new knowledge unless we ask questions."
..."
more
"As a teacher/pastor, I'd like to see more not less of this approach in finding the truth-as one "Not seeking to indoctrinate a teaching, S. M. is working with another person in cooperative truth discovery.""
..."
more
"I had no idea what a Socratic argument was. I was asked to write one. This article helped me to identify what was being asked of me, thereby helping me to complete my assignment."
..."
more
"It helped me because I am a salesman, and sometimes I need to argue such a product or service benefit the client can't realize. "
..."
more
"It explained the Socrates method to me in a way I was able to understand!"
