Meredith Juncker, PhD
Scientific Researcher
wikiHow's Editorial Process wikiHow partners with over 1000+ experts from a wide range of fields to ensure our content is accurate and based on well-established research and testimony. Content Managers conduct interviews and work closely with each expert to review information, answer reader questions, and add credible advice. Learn more about our editorial process and why millions of readers trust wikiHow.
Co-authored Articles (56)
How to
Find the Number of Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
Finding the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in a given element isn't as hard as it sounds. Oftentimes part of your answer will be right in front of you in the periodic table! Once you know where to look, findi...
How to
Draw a Model of the Digestive System
A simple yet accurate guide to drawing a GI tract diagram Drawing a model of the digestive system will help you to better understand its functions. It is a great way to visualize what happens during digestion. There are ...
How to
Measure VO2 Max
VO2 max is a measure of the maximum amount of oxygen that you use during intense physical activity. This measurement is the best indicator of aerobic endurance and cardiovascular fitness as it calculates how efficiently ...
How to
Check Water Temperature Without a Thermometer
At some point, you may find that you need to determine the approximate temperature of water and do not have a waterproof thermometer. You can roughly figure out water’s temperature by looking for signs that indicate if...
How to
Calculate Wavelength
Wavelength is the distance of 1 frequency wave peak to the other and is most commonly associated with the electromagnetic spectrum. Calculating wavelength is dependent upon the information you are given. If you know the ...
How to
Grow Bacteria in a Petri Dish
Ever wanted to grow bacteria for a science project or just for fun? It's surprisingly simple! All you need is some agar (a special gelatinous growing material), a number of sterilized Petri dishes, and some disgustingly ...
How to
Predict the Weather Without a Forecast
Generally, most of us rely on forecasts to tell us what kind of weather to expect. However, it is possible to predict the weather using your skills of observation and knowledge of weather patterns. Not only can predicti...
How to
Do Spectrophotometric Analysis
Spectrophotometry is an experimental technique that is used to measure the concentration of solutes in a specific solution by calculating the amount of light absorbed by those solutes. This technique is powerful because ...
How to
Make Baking Soda Snow
Did your family miss out on a white Christmas this year? Are you having an unseasonably warm winter? Or do you live in the tropics and covet the chance to play in snow? This can be easily remedied by making fake snow wit...
How to
Calculate Percent Yield in Chemistry
In chemistry, the '''theoretical yield''' is the maximum amount of product a chemical reaction could create based on chemical equations. In reality, most reactions are not perfectly efficient. If you perform the experime...
How to
Make Salt Crystals
Crystals can look quite magical when they appear from seemingly nowhere in a glass of water. In fact, they form from substances already dissolved in the water. Make your own salt crystal experiment, and learn how it work...
How to Calculate Average Atomic Mass (and Use the Result)
Making sense of the numbers and how to use them Average atomic mass is not a direct measurement of a single atom. Instead, it is the average mass per atom for a typical sample of a given element. If you could measure the...
How to
Calculate Half Life
The half-life of a substance undergoing decay is the time it takes for the amount of the substance to decrease by half. It was originally used to describe the decay of radioactive elements like uranium or plutonium, but ...
How to
Write a Chemical Equation
A good way to think about a chemical reaction is the process of baking cookies. You mix the ingredients together (flour, butter, salt, sugar, and eggs), bake it, and see that it changes into something new: cookies! In ch...
How to
Make Mold Grow on Bread
Interested in doing a fungi science experiment for school? Making mold grow on bread is not only a great project for the local science fair, it also teaches the ins-and-outs of keeping your bread fresh. With a bit of moi...
How to
Study for Biology
Although biology is a mandatory class, it doesn't have to be a painful one to study for and get through. It is a subject that builds upon itself, so it's essential to understand the basic concepts before you can understa...
How to
Build a DNA Model
Making your own DNA model is a fun science project that you can do with all kinds of easy-to-find materials. Using either pipe cleaners and tape or styrofoam balls and toothpicks, you can build a 3-dimensional model that...
How to
Make a Thermometer
Traditional thermometers measure the temperature using mercury, but you can make your own at home with just water and rubbing alcohol. While the homemade thermometer can't be used to tell if you have a fever, you can sti...
How to
Predict Your Baby's Eye Color
There are no definite ways to predict eye color, but there are some steps you can take to make an educated guess when predicting your baby’s eye color. The most obvious place to start is noting the color of the parents...
How to
Calculate Fluid Pressure
When a fluid is at rest, it exerts a force perpendicular to any surface in contact with it. This force, which is due to the continuous, random motion of molecules, is known as fluid pressure. Knowing the fluid pressure i...
