How to Decipher a Secret Code

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Ever since the human race developed language, we've used codes and ciphers to obscure our messages. The Greeks and Egyptians used codes to transfer private communications, forming the foundation of modern code breaking. Cryptanalysis is the study of codes and how to break them. It's a world of secrecy and subterfuge, and it can be a whole lot of fun. If you want to crack codes, you can learn to recognize the most common codes and how to get started teasing out their secrets. See Step 1 for more information.

Part 1
Part 1 of 3:

Solving Substitution Ciphers

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  1. Most codes using a relatively simple substitution method are most easily cracked by doing a simple plug-and-chug, figuring out the letters one by one and patiently figuring out the code based on guesses.
    • Single-letter words in English will be "I" or "a," so you should try to plug one in, looking for patterns, and--essentially--playing hangman. If you've got "a - -" solved, you know it would most regularly be "are" or "and." Guess and check. If it doesn't work, go back and try the other options. Be patient and go slowly.
    • Don't worry as much about "cracking" the code as learning to read it. Looking for patterns and recognizing the rules in which English (or whatever language is being coded) is written will get you solving the code with some time and effort.
  2. The most common letter used in English is the letter "e," followed by "t" and "a". As you're working, use your familiarity with common words and sentence structure to start making logical guesses. You'll rarely feel sure, but the code-breaking game is played by making logical choices and going back and correcting your mistakes. [1]
    • Watch for double symbols and short words and start solving those first. It's easier to try to make an educated guess at "an" or "in" or "at" than "highway."
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  3. If the message includes punctuation, you're in luck. This offers a whole host of other hints that you can learn to recognize. Apostrophes will almost always be followed by S, T, D, M, LL, or RE,AR,BT. So, if you've got two identical symbols after an apostrophe, you've solved for "L" or "D". [2]
  4. If, as you solve, you think you recognize one of the common code types from the above, you've cracked it and can stop your plugging-and-chugging and fill in the message based on your code. This probably won't happen often, but the more familiar you become with common codes the more likely it will be that you'll recognize the sort of code used and will be able to solve it.
    • Number-substitutions and keyboard codes are especially common among basic everyday secret messages. Keep an eye out for those in particular and apply as you see fit.
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Part 2
Part 2 of 3:

Recognizing Common Codes

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  1. Basically, a substitution cipher involves substituting one letter for another letter, according to some predetermined rule. This rule is the code, and learning and applying the rule is the way to "break" the code and read the message. [3]
    • Even if the code contains numbers, the Cyrillic alphabet, nonsense symbols, or hieroglyphics, as long as the type of symbol used is consistent, you're probably working with a substitution cipher, which means you need to learn the alphabet used and the rule applied to decipher the code.
  2. The earliest sort of cipher was used by the Greeks, and involved creating a grid of letters that corresponded to numbers, then using the numbers to create messages. It's a simple code to use, making it one of the foundations of modern code-cracking. If you've got a message that includes a long string of numbers, it might have been coded with this method. [4]
    • The most basic form of this code involved a row 1-5 and a column 1-5, and then filled the matrix in with each letter from left to right and down the grid (combining I and J into one space). Each letter in the code was represented by two numbers, the column on the left supplying the first digit, and the row on top supplying the second.
    • To code the word "wikihow" using this method, you would get: 52242524233452
    • A simpler version of this often used by children involves writing in numbers that correspond directly to the letter's position in the alphabet. A = 1, B=2, etc.
  3. Julius's Caesar Cipher, simple to use and understand, is a basic cryptography system that's studied at the start of cryptography. It involves shifting a letter at position X [e.g. A+X=B, B+X=C if X=1]. However it is easily crackable, as there are only 26 available shifts. In this shift method, you shift the entire alphabet a certain number of places in one direction. In other words, a shift of three spaces left would replace the letter A with D, B with E, etc. [5]
    • This is also the basic principle behind a common children's code called "ROT1" (meaning, "rotate one." In this code, all the letters are just shifted forward one position, making A represented by B, B represented by C, etc.
    • Coding "wikihow" using a basic Cesar shift of three to the left would look like: zlnlkrz
  4. Keyboard substitutions use the pattern of a traditional American (QWERTY) keyboard pattern to use substitutions, generally by shifting the letters up, down, left or right by a certain number of places. By shifting letters in a particular direction on the keyboard, you can create simple codes. Knowing the directional shift allows you to crack the code. [6]
    • By shifting the columns up one position, you could code the word "wikihow" like this: "28i8y92"
  5. In basic substitution ciphers, the writer of the code creates one alternate alphabet to create the coded message. Starting at some point after the Middle Ages, these kinds of codes became too easy to crack and cipher-writers began using various methods to use multiple alphabets within a single code, making the codes much more difficult to crack without knowing the method. [7]
    • Trimethius's tableau is a 26 x 26 grid of every permutation of Cesar's shifted alphabets, in alphabetical order, or sometimes presented as a rotating cylinder, or "tabula recta." There are various methods of using the grid as a code, including using the first row to code the first letter in the message, the second for the second, and so on.
    • Coders will also use a code word to refer to specific columns for each letter of the enciphered message. In other words, if the code word was "wikihow" using this method, you would consult the "W" row and the column of the first letter in the enciphered code to determine the first letter of the message. These are tough to crack without knowing the code word.
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Part 3
Part 3 of 3:

Being a Codebreaker

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  1. Breaking codes requires a tremendous amount of patience and perseverance. It's slow and tedious work, often frustrating because of the need to go back and guess again, trying different keys and words and methods. If you want to crack codes, learn to be calm and patient, embracing the mystery and the game.
  2. Doing the cryptogram in the paper is fun, but jumping headfirst into polyalphabetic codes without the aid of keywords is a whole other level entirely. Learning to write your own codes using complex coding systems is a great way of learning how code-writers think and learning to crack them. The best code-crackers are also good at writing their own and coming up with ever-more challenging ciphers. Challenge yourself to learn more complicated methods and how to crack them.
    • Analyzing criminal codes and ciphers can be a good way of picking up some tricks of the trade. Bookmakers, drug kingpins, and the Zodiac killer have all developed incredibly complex codes worth looking into.
  3. As part of a fun public outreach, the FBI regularly publishes codes for the public to try to crack. Try them out and submit your answers. Who knows--you might have a job soon. [8]
    • Kryptos, a public statue outside the CIA headquarters, is perhaps the most famous unsolved code in the world. It was originally created as a test for agents, involving four separate panels with four distinct codes. It took ten years for the first analysts to crack three of the codes, but the final code remains unsolved.
  4. Cracking codes is like living in your own Dan Brown novel. Learn to embrace the mystery and the challenge of secret codes and the experience the thrill of unlocking the secret.
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  • Question
    If someone created a code using their own version of the alphabet and the code consists of both letters and numbers, how could you go about trying to crack it? Or would it be impossible unless you had their version of the alphabet?
    Community Answer
    Look for the common letters which double up and see if you can find certain words as suggested by the article.
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  • Question
    What are the names of some codes?
    Community Answer
    Steganography, ROT1, Transposition, Ceasar, Atbash, Monoalphabetic Substitution, Vigenère, Enigma to name a few.
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  • Question
    What if the code consists of dots and dashes as well the numbers X, L, and V?
    Community Answer
    The dots and dashes most likely refer to Morse Code, while the numbers will, as you pointed out, represent Roman numerals.
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      Tips

      • Don't lose hope if you spend a long time at cracking a code. This is normal.
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      • Cracking codes is easier when the messages are longer. It's hard to crack short codes because you won't be able to count the letters for frequency.
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      • The letter "e" is the most frequently used letter in the English language.
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      Tips from our Readers

      The advice in this section is based on the lived experiences of wikiHow readers like you. If you have a helpful tip you’d like to share on wikiHow, please submit it in the field below.
      • It's possible the answer to a code could be a translation of another translation. For example, translating a code to a different language, then back to English.
      • Make sure you look at all the angles possible. You may just have to rearrange the letters or read it backward.
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      Warnings

      • Be wary of unsolvable rabbit holes. Don't go nuts!
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      • Some codes are designed in such a way that it is impossible to decrypt them unless you have a ton of information. That means, even if you have the key for encryption, it seems impossible. These may require a software or just heavy guesswork.
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      Things You'll Need

      • A secret note to decipher
      • Pencil and scratch paper

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      References

      1. ↑ https://people.csail.mit.edu/hasinoff/pubs/hasinoff-quipster-2003.pdf
      2. ↑ https://people.csail.mit.edu/hasinoff/pubs/hasinoff-quipster-2003.pdf
      3. ↑ https://www.exploratorium.edu/explore/secret-language
      4. ↑ https://www.exploratorium.edu/explore/secret-language
      5. ↑ https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/caesar-cipher-in-cryptography/
      6. ↑ https://www.exploratorium.edu/explore/secret-language
      7. ↑ https://people.wou.edu/~beaverc/440/W15/3%20Polyalphabetic%20ciphers.pdf
      8. ↑ https://nsa-codebreaker.org/home

      About This Article

      Article Summary X

      To decipher secret codes, try studying and learning popular codes, like substitution ciphers and the Caesar shift, so you can recognize them and use them to solve codes you're working on. You can also try coming up with your own codes so you can get in the mindset of a code-writer, which can be helpful when you're trying to crack a code. Remember to be patient and persevere since cracking secret codes can take some time. To learn how to recognize common secret codes, scroll down!

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