How to Discipline an Autistic Child

Consistency both in everyday life and discipline helps children know what to expect, and is an important part of being an effective parent.

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   Set a predictable routine and structure. Autistic kids often feel more secure when they can predict the day's activities and make sense of the world. Create set places where activities occur. This can help the child stay calm and feel in control of things.

   • Routines also make it easier to narrow down why the child might be acting out. For example, if they always cry when you ask them to do homework after school, it might be that school tires them out too much and they need to relax first, or that homework is a source of major stress for them.
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   Use "picture schedules" to create order. Picture schedules help to explain which activity the child will do next. Picture schedules are wonderful tools parents can use to help guide some autistic children through different activities they will undertake during the day. It helps improve structure in a child’s life particularly because autistic children often have difficulty keeping an overview of their daily activities. Some ideas for ways to use picture schedules include: ^[4]

   • You and your child can keep track of tasks by “ticking off” completed activities.
   • You and your child can keep a clock or a light-up timer near the activities to determine the time frame for each activity (if this helps the child).
   • Help your child to design and draw these pictures so they feel more of a connection with the images.
   • Keep the images in a book or on a board or wall so that your child can refer to them whenever they please.
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   Be consistent with the schedule. This helps the child feel secure. If a change needs to be made, give the child warning and an explanation, so it feels less jarring. Work together with other caretakers (such as teachers and therapists) to create a consistent system. ^[4]
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   Adapt the schedule in small ways as your child grows. While the schedule should remain relatively consistent, this does not mean there is no room for development of your child’s activities and discipline as your child makes their natural progression in development and growth as an individual.

   • For example, bath time may turn into shower time once your child learns to shower independently.
   • Make changes to help fix issues as needed. For example, if you schedule exercise time after lunch, and the child often gets a stomachache during exercise, it might be that they need time for the food to settle. Talk to the child about the schedule issue, and brainstorm how to rearrange things (like exercising before eating, or having 30 minutes of free time in between).
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   Plan lots of time for your child to relax. Autistic children can be especially vulnerable to stress, so it's critical for them to get enough "down time." Down time is particularly relevant when your child feels there is too much going on and their senses have been overloaded. When your child becomes distressed or upset because of this over-stimulation, this indicative of the need for down time. Simply take your child to a safe, quiet place and allow your child to ‘relax’ in a simple environment under casual supervision.

   • Try to plan relaxation time after activities that tend to be stressful. For example, if the child usually comes home from school stressed or tired, then they should have at least half an hour of free time to unwind.
   • If the child isn't old enough to go unsupervised, you can offer casual supervision. For example, the child could rock back and forth and draw pictures in a corner, while you read a book or do something on your phone.
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   Schedule plenty of time for fun. Autistic children, just like other children, need time to play and enjoy activities of their own choosing. Since stress can be a problem for autistic kids, relaxation time is especially critical. Self-directed play helps the child stay happy and emotionally balanced.

   • Keep in mind that your idea of "fun" might be different from the child's idea. For example, a noisy party might be stressful for an autistic child. And lining up toys or walking in circles might be an enjoyable way for an autistic kid to spend time. If the child likes it, then it counts as fun, even if you don't understand it.
   • Being bossed around by an adult usually doesn't count as fun, even if the adult is telling the child to play. If you play with the child, let them take the lead.
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   Plan some outlets for energy, especially if the child has hyperactive tendencies. Some kids can't stay sitting or doing the same thing for very long. If this is the case for your child, make sure to schedule plenty of time for them to "blow off steam" and use some of their excess energy. Sports and playing outside are often good for active kids.

   • You can also announce unscheduled breaks if you see the child getting antsy. For example, you could say "I can see you're having a hard time focusing. Let's run around for 15 minutes, and then come back."
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   Resolve any sleep or medical problems. If your child is not getting sufficient sleep or is suffering pain or ill health, it would be natural for them to express their distress which may be misconstrued as “problematic behaviour”.

   • If you notice behavior focused on a particular area, try having a doctor check that area. For example, a boy who hits his head might be suffering from a toothache or lice. Hitting a body part can indicate that something is wrong there.
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Praise, forward thinking, and a positive attitude can help reduce issues with behavior.

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   Be a good example. Children look at adult role models to help them understand how to behave. Demonstrate good behavior in your actions, even when you aren't sure the child is watching.
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   Make sure to give your child plenty of positive attention. If kids feel neglected, they may act out in the hopes you'll pay attention. You can reduce the chances of this happening by making sure that they get positive attention without needing to resort to bad behavior.

   • If you think that the child is seeking attention, work on teaching them assertiveness skills. Teach them phrases like "I'm lonely," "I want attention," or "Will you hang out with me?" Reward this behavior by paying attention when they say this. That way, they learn that asking for attention is more effective than acting out.
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   Talk to the child about ways to handle emotions. Kids may not know how to recognize and cope with their feelings. Autistic kids may need extra guidance. Listen to them and acknowledge their feelings, but stay firm in your rules.

   • Talk about characters. Feel free to ask questions like "What do you think he should have done to handle his anger, instead of yelling?"
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   Remove a child from a stressful situation if you can tell they are struggling. If you can tell that the child is reaching their boiling point, get them out of the situation. You might suggest that they leave, or you could assign them a solitary task that you know is very easy or enjoyable for them. This way, they can take time to calm down and re-center themselves.

   • "You look stressed. Why don't you go to your corner for a while? We can finish your homework in half an hour from now."
   • "It's a nice day. Ella, will you go get the mail for me?"
   • "The dog hasn't been walked yet. Will you please go walk him?"
   • "Justin, I think we might be running low on toilet paper. Will you go to the bathroom and count how many rolls there are? Here's a post-it and a pencil so you can write things down if you want."
   • "I can see you getting frustrated. Let's take a 10 minute break and then come back to this. Sound good?"
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   Try redirecting an antsy or agitated child. Kids get restless sometimes, and that can lead to less-than-ideal behavior. Here are some examples of things you could say:

   • "Are you bored? Would you like to draw some pictures with me?"
   • "We have 3 more aisles left in the store. Will you count them with me?"
   • "I can tell you have lots of energy right now. I'm going to start running! I bet you can't catch me!"
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   Don't stress about the small things. Autistic kids are going to be quirky, and that's okay. And all kids have bad moods and bad days, just like adults do. You don't need to turn every instance of unusual or imperfect behavior into a battle. Make peace with imperfection.
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   Make sure your expectations are reasonable. Autistic kids have developmental delays, and that means they'll be slower to learn certain things sometimes. If they're repeatedly failing to meet your expectations, it may be that your expectations are too high, or that something else is getting in their way. Try talking about the issue with...

   • The child (e.g. "Why do you think chores are so hard for you?")
   • Other caregivers (of your child, and of autistic/disabled kids in general)
   • Teachers
   • Therapists
   • Autistic adults
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   Praise the child for positive behavior. Offer praise when the child does something well. This makes the child feel like you notice their efforts, and makes them feel proud of themselves and eager to keep behaving. Praise can be a strong motivator. Try to find something good to praise at least twice a day, if not more. Say things like...

   • "Thank you for putting away your toys so quickly! I'm really impressed."
   • "Good job being so gentle with your baby brother! You're such a good big sister."
   • "Thank you for listening to me on the first try. That was really cool."
   • "Wow, you are studying really hard! That's a sign of a good student."
   • "I'm proud of you for being so assertive with me today."
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   Explain the relationship between good behavior and its positive consequences. This helps motivate the child, and teaches them why the behavior matters. If you want, you can also explain a reward that is linked to the good behavior.

   • "When you pick up your toys, your floor is a clean place to play. Everyone can walk and move around easily, and your room can be a fun place to hang out."
   • "When you're gentle with the dog, it makes her enjoy spending time with you. She might even come to you more often, because she knows you will treat her gently."
   • "It makes me happy when you listen to me on the first time I give you a reminder. It lets me know that you do listen to me, and it means I don't have to think of a punishment for you. I like it when that happens."
   • "When you use your inside voice, it makes it easy for your brother to study and your mom to get work done. People enjoy having a quiet house. It is nice for all of us."
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   Work on calming the child first, if needed. If the child is screaming, crying, or otherwise acting upset, then calm them down. You can administer discipline once they are clear-headed enough to listen to you.

   • Don't give up when a child misbehaves. Clearly explain that it is counterproductive. For example, "I can't understand you when you shout. You can take some deep breaths, and then use your inside voice to tell me why you're upset."
   • Patiently remind the child of self-calming strategies to use, such as taking deep breaths and counting. Offer to use the strategies together.
   • Try validating their feelings and letting them know that you care (even if you can't honor their requests). Children can calm down quickly once they know that you are willing to listen and empathize.
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   Give positively-worded reminders when you see a child acting out. Kids, especially little kids, have limited memory and impulse control. This means that they might forget to follow the rules sometimes. A reminder may be enough to correct them, without punishment being necessary. Tell them what you expect them to do. For example, "Walking feet, please" is more helpful than "No running," because it encourages the child to visualize good behavior. Here are some examples:

   • "Please slow down so you don't slip and fall."
   • "Inside voices, please. Mommy is trying to read."
   • "Be assertive, please. I can't help you unless you tell me what's wrong. You can talk to me, or use your tablet to show me."
   • "Hands to yourself. You can grab a fidget toy if you want to fidget."
   • "Be gentle with the cat."
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   Give a warning if they don't listen to your reminder. If the child refuses to correct their behavior after your reminder, then warn them that there will be consequences if they continue. This gives them a final chance to stop and follow the rules.

   • "You need to be gentle. If you don't stop, I will take the toy away."
   • "I'm going to count to 3. By the time I reach 3, your hands need to be out of her hair. One..."
   • "Inside voices are important. If you cannot watch TV quietly, then I will turn off the TV."
   • "Video games come after your homework. If you don't do your homework, then there will be no video games."
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   Give immediate consequences if they refuse to adjust their behavior. If a reminder and a warning don't work, then you may need to follow through with a punishment. Administer the consequences right away. (Waiting can make it less effective.)

   • If you wait too long to administer the punishment, it won't be effective, because the child may not connect the punishment to the misbehavior. In that case, it's better to just let it go this time.
   • If your child learns well through visual tactics, create a series of pictures that explains how their bad behavior leads to punishment and good behavior leads to rewards. Doing this will help your child understand the relationship between misbehavior and discipline.
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   Tailor the punishment to the infraction. Do not rely on one single punishment or type of punishments. Minor misbehavior should only result in a minor punishment (or just a warning), while major misbehavior might need to result in a more serious punishment. Figure out what works best for the child. ^[10]

   • Give a verbal warning to give them a chance to correct themselves. (If they listen, then you don't need to punish them.)
   • Try natural consequences—if the child throws their toys, they must pick up the toys or lose access to the toys for a few minutes.
   • Consider loss of rewards or privileges, such as no TV time. (Make sure that this does not interfere with their special interests, as this may cause too much distress to be effective.)
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   Stay consistent. The child needs to understand that bad behavior will have consequences, and that it won't change based on who is misbehaving or who is supervising them. ^[6]

   • Give the same punishment for the same infraction every time.
   • Apply the same rules to all the members of the family, including the child, siblings, and even the adults. (If you break a family rule, then you might have to punish yourself.)
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   Avoid punishments that cause physical pain, such as spanking, slapping, or exposure to intense stimuli. Responding to violence with more violence can reinforce in your child that it is okay to become violent when feeling upset. If you are very angry with your child, perform the same self-calming strategies that you would like your child to use. This encourages the child to mimic you when they feel angry or frustrated.

   • While spanking may alleviate stress for the parent, research shows that it stresses out the child and causes them to act out more and listen to you less. ^{[7] [8]} It can also lead to other issues later on, such as mental health problems, impaired cognitive development, and worse relationship skills. ^{[9] [10] [11] [12]} Parents can learn more effective techniques to make life easier for both parent and child.
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   Criticize the behavior, not the child. Avoid labeling the child as “bad’ or “wrong”. Point out the incorrect behaviour to the child in an encouraging way to promote corrective action. For example, say to them:

   • “I can see you’re really upset about that. Yelling won't help. Would you like to do some deep breathing with me?"
   • “Why did you throw yourself on the ground? Were you upset about the grocery store?”
   • “Hitting other people is never okay. If you're angry, use your words, tell an adult, or take a break to cool off.”
   • "I love you, but I'm not happy with how you handled that situation. You need to do better next time. Let's talk about this."
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   Create a reward system that directly relates to good behavior. Similar to punishment, your child needs to have an understanding that as a direct result of their appropriate behaviour, they receive a reward (such as praise or gold stars). This, over time, creates behaviour modification and can help discipline a child.
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   Try using activities as rewards from time to time. Write a list of things that the child loves to do. You can suggest these rewards when your child behaves well, or when they stop doing a bad habit.

   • Though this may initially sound like a “bribe”, it is in fact not so when applied correctly. The application of the reward system needs to be based on rewarding the correct behaviour, not for stopping bad behavior.
   • Use this technique casually and sparingly. For example, "I'm really proud of how you handled yourself in that noisy store. We have some free time this afternoon. Would you like to read picture books with me?"
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   Be open to new ideas about disciplining and rewarding your child. Each child is different and each autistic child is different. What may be considered a punishment or “boring” for one child could be the ultimate reward for an autistic child, and vice versa. Therefore, it is essential to be creative and open to new ideas about both punishment and reward concepts in the area of discipline. ^[13]

   • Qualification: always think carefully about discipline before implementing it. Would you be comfortable doing the same thing to a non-autistic child? If not, then that discipline practice may do more harm than good.
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   Set up a reward system. There are several ways you can do this, but two of the top reward systems include:

   • Creating a behaviour chart in which good behaviour is rewarded through a sticker or mark on the chart. If the child receives enough marks on the chart they get a reward. Offer to involve your child by letting them place the sticker.
   • Token reward systems are a very common system that is implemented. Essentially, good behaviour is rewarded with a token (sticker, a chip etc.). These tokens can then be changed at a later time for rewards. This system is often designed through a contract with the child as to their behaviour and as such can be difficult to implement for much younger children.
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   Praise your child. Speak clearly in a quieter tone when rewarding your child. Being too loud can overstimulate or upset them. Praise the effort as oppose to the outcome. This includes praising them for working towards achieving a goal. Recognising your child’s persistence and efforts is of more value to your autistic child than the result.

   • If your child doesn't understand spoken words, add a small reward with your praise.
   • Showing sincerity and delight in your child’s correct behaviours increases the frequency of those behaviours.
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   Give your child sensory rewards. These are sometimes more difficult to administer as rewards, but a great reward includes one that also correctly promotes sensory activity. However, be careful not to overstimulate your child, as this may upset them. Rewards could include:

   • Sight: Something the child likes to look at e.g. a new library book, a water fountain, animals (fish especially are good), or watching a model airplane fly.
   • Sound: soft calm soothing music of simple gentle instruments e.g. piano, or singing a song.
   • Taste: This reward is more than just eating. It includes tasting different foods they like--an assortment of sweet fruits, something salty and any variety of something which your child views as pleasurable.
   • Smell: have different smells for your child to distinguish: eucalyptus, lavender, orange, or different flowers.
   • Touch: Sand, ball pit, water, food packaging e.g. chip packet, bubble wrap, jelly or play dough.
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   Practice moderation in your rewards system. Rewards can be misused and overused.

   • Access to the child's favorite things shouldn't be dependent on their behavior. For example, the child should be able to get their favorite stuffed animal anytime, even if they're having a bad day. Rewards should be special bonuses.
   • Don't overuse food as a reward. This can lead to unhealthy habits as the child grows up.
   • Overuse of physical rewards can decrease the child's internal motivation. Be cautious about turning the child's life into a series of tokens and exchanges. They should also learn to like being good for its own sake. Use praise, and phase out physical rewards so they are less common as the child gets older.
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   Keep in mind that autistic children think ‘concretely’. This means they often take things literally and as such you need to be careful how you speak to them. Before you can discipline your child, you must understand why your child is acting out. If you don’t understand the cause, you may discipline them in a way that, to them, actually reinforces the bad behavior.

   • For example, if your child is acting out at bedtime and you are not sure why, you may choose to put her in time out. However, a “time out” could in fact be rewarding the child if her goal is to put off going to bed for as long as possible. Through discipline without understanding the cause, you are actually showing her that if she misbehaves at bedtime, she will get to stay up later.
   • Sometimes children act out because of an external stressor that they don't know how to handle (e.g. screaming and crying because of loud music that hurts their ears). In these cases, it's best to remove the stressor, discuss coping and communication strategies, and forego punishment.
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   Understand the purpose behind your child’s behavior. When an autistic child displays a bad behavior, that behavior is actually serving a purpose. By understanding your child’s purpose, you can figure out how to prevent the unwanted behaviour and work towards replacing it with more appropriate actions.

   • For example, your child may want to avoid something or a situation so they may “act out” to avoid the situation. Or, they may be trying to get attention or gain something else. Sometimes it can be hard to tell which is your child’s end goal--you will have to observe your child to fully understand.
   • Sometimes children act out without any particular goal; they simply don't understand how to handle their stress. Sensory issues, hunger, sleepiness, not enough down time, etc. may be the cause of this.
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   Figure out what specifically is causing the bad behavior. One key clue to figure out which your child is doing (avoiding a situation or seeking attention) is if your child consistently “misbehaves” given a particular scenario. If the child is behaving ‘unusually’ for an activity they typically enjoy, then this could be indicative they’re seeking more attention.

   • For instance, your child may “act out” when it is time for a bath. If she does this right before or during bath time, you can conclude that she is acting badly because she does not want to take a bath. Or she may simply be bothered by an odor or the temperature of the water.
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