Q&A for How to Make a Liquid Into a Solid

Glue can dry and then retain shape as it is squished between two surfaces.

You can't turn butter into oil, but you can melt it in the microwave to get liquid butter.

A substance will remain solid indefinitely, as long as the conditions in which it solidifies are maintained. For example, if you put some water in the freezer, it will turn to ice and stay that way as long as it's kept in the freezer. It's hard to say that this is permanent, but it's about as close as you can get. Note that the conditions for solidity are different for different substances. Most metals, for instance, are solid across the normal range of conditions found on earth.

Baking soda is a base and vinegar is acid so when mixed a reaction occurs. The 'fizz' is carbon dioxide being released from the reaction. The dish soap is to make it look better.

Water freezing into ice is the best example of ice transitioning from a liquid to a solid.

You can distill salt water to form salt crystals and pure water in two separate containers. You could also add gelatin or other substances to thicken the mixture to a solid.

You can heat the solid. The solid will melt into a liquid. As the temperature increases, the solid will melt into a liquid, then the liquid will evaporate into a gas. An example would be melting ice into water, then boiling it to produce steam.

Yes, but gases at room temperature will only liquefy at very low temperatures. An example would be liquid nitrogen.

Water is liquid already; you possibly mean when a solid turns to liquid, and a liquid turns to gas. When a solid turns to liquid, the process is known as melting. When a liquid turns to gas, the process is known as evaporation.