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Are you interested in chemical engineering? Are you wondering what kind of problems you will be likely to see during your coursework? Here you can learn the basic lingo of material balance, and walk through a simple material balance problem to learn how it's done.
Steps
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Know the definition of a material balance. A material balance is accounting for all materials entering and exiting a system.
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Know the definition of a mass flow rate. A mass flow rate is how much unit of mass is flowing through a process per unit of time.Advertisement
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Know the definition of a mass fraction. A mass fraction is (mass of a substance)/(total mass). This can also be called weight percent, wt%.
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Know the definition of a mass ratio. A mass ratio is how much of a substance in a system relative to another substance.
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Know the definition of a flow chart. A flow chart is a drawn representation of the system you are working with.
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Know the definition of a degrees of freedom analysis. A degrees of freedom analysis is meant to make sure the problem is solvable. The user needs to compare the number of unknown variables to the number of independent equations they can use.
- The degrees of freedom equation is given by:
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Read problem carefully. Try to understand what the author is asking us to find. For example, your question might be:
- Strawberries contain about 15 wt% sugar and 85 wt% water. To make strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and sugar are mixed in a 45:55 mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until the residue contains one-third water by mass.
- Draw and label a flowchart of this process
- Do the degree-of-freedom analysis and show that the system has zero degrees of freedom (i.e. the number of unknown process variables equals the number of equations relating them). If you have too many unknowns, think about what you might have forgotten to do.
- Calculate how many pounds of strawberries are needed to make a pound of jam.
- Strawberries contain about 15 wt% sugar and 85 wt% water. To make strawberry jam, crushed strawberries and sugar are mixed in a 45:55 mass ratio, and the mixture is heated to evaporate water until the residue contains one-third water by mass.
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Write down what is "known". Write down what is know from the problem description.
- Knowns
:
- Mass fraction of the solid (sugar) in the strawberries is 0.15 and mass fraction of water in the strawberries is 0.85.
- The mass fraction of sugar in 1.00lb of jam is 0.667 (lb Suagr)/(lb Jam) and the mass fraction of water is 0.333 (lb water)/(lb Jam)
- You know this because we are told that the jam is heated until (1/3) of the mass of the jam is water.
- The mass of strawberry to mass of sugar ratio is 45:55 ratio.
- Knowns
:
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Draw a flow chart.
- Draw the mixer.
- Draw stream 1 entering the mixer: m 1
(lb of strawberries)
- 0.85 (lb water)/(lb Jam)
- 0.15 (lb Suagr)/(lb Jam)
- Draw stream 2 entering the mixer: m 2 (lb of sugar)
- Draw stream 3 leaving the mixer: m 3
- (1/3) lb of water left
- So, 0.333 (lb water)/(lb Jam)
- 0.667 (lb Suagr)/(lb Jam)
- Draw Stream 4 coming out of the mixer: m 4
(lb of evaporated water)
- Stream 4 is the excess water that is evaporated.
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Complete a degrees of freedom analysis.
- Unknowns
:
- m 1 (mass of strawberries), m 2 (mass of sugar), m 3 (mass of evaporated water)
- Therefore, n unknowns = 3
- Independent Equations
:
- The mass balance equation for water and sugar, the mass ratio of sugar to strawberries.
- n ind.eqns = 3
- Plug in these numbers into the degrees of freedom equation.
- Therefore there are no degrees of freedom and the problem is solvable.
- Unknowns
:
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Know your goal. In this case, you are asked to calculate how many pounds of strawberry is needed for 1lb of jam.
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Set up equations you know.
- You know the above ratio. You can solve for m 1 .
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Create a mass balance over the entire mixer.
- Here you need to realize that we know that amount of sugar in stream 1 and stream 3.
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Create a mass balance with only sugar.
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Substitute values.
- You must realize that you know the flow rate out of stream 3.
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Substitute 1lb for m3.
- You have to realize that you know what m 1 is in terms of m 2
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Write m 1 in terms of m 2
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Rearrange terms.
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Solve for m 1 .
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Community Q&A
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QuestionHow did you come up with the figures of 0.667 and 0.333 for the sugar and water?HanCommunity AnswerThe given problems states that "...the mixture is heated to evaporate water until the residue contains one-third water by mass." This means that 1 lb of jam will contain 1/3 (or .333) lb of water. The only other ingredient here is sugar, so the other 2/3 (or .667) lb must be sugar.
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Things You'll Need
- Pencil
- Several Pieces Paper
- Eraser
Expert Interview
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