How to Use a Wood Lathe

PDF download Download Article
PDF download Download Article

Wood lathes can be used to create functional furniture components, beautiful decorative wood projects such as candlesticks and bowls, or even toys such as tops and yo yos . These machines range in size from hobby models that fit on a work bench to large industrial-sized machines weighing hundreds of pounds, but they all share some basic elements. Here are some instructions for using these unique machines.

Steps

PDF download Download Article
  1. Bench top lathes can be ideal for turning small projects like ink pens and yo-yos, larger machines may be used for making spindles used in furniture and handrail styles. Here are some differences in wood lathe specifications:
    • Bed length is the distance between centers, or the maximum length of the stock that can be turned.
    • Swing is the term used to describe the largest diameter stock that can be turned.
    • Horsepower is the amount of torque the lathe motor develops, which in turn will determine how heavy an item can be turned without overloading this critical component.
    • RPMs are the revolutions per minute the stock can be turned. Here, note that most, if not all lathes have variable speed capabilities. A lathe with a very low speed range allows the user to start a piece of odd shaped, unbalanced stock without excessive vibration, and high speed machines can speed the work while making obtaining a fine, smooth finish easier to achieve.
    • Weight and composition. Heavier machines with cast iron beds and steel frames offer a good, solid work platform, but can be difficult to move if you are operating it in a crowded workshop where you will be storing it when it is not in use.
  2. A simple task might be to turn a square or irregularly shaped piece of wood to a true cylindrical shape, often the first step to forming a spindle or other round item.
    Advertisement
  3. Lathe tools are called chisels. They feature long, round, curved handles to afford a solid grip and sufficient leverage to enable the turner to control the cutting edge accurately with minimal fatigue. Common wood chisels simply are too short and are ill-designed for this purpose. Here are a few of the many types turning tools you may find:
    • Gouges. These usually have specially shaped cutting edges for performing particular cuts, such as bowl gouges , with concave, curved cutting edges to form the smooth, curved surface of a bowl, or vee , or knurling gouges for cutting grooves or knurls in wooden spindles.
    • Scrapers. These are often flat or slightly curved chisels for removing wood from flat or cylindrical shapes, or for roughing out a shape.
    • Parting tools. These are thin, vee tipped tools for cutting off work pieces.
    • Spoon cutters have a spoon shaped cutting edge and are also often used for shaping bowls.
    • Other tools you may encounter are skew chisels, fluted gouges, spindle gouges, and nose chisels.
  4. A basic wood lathe consists of a bed, headstock, tailstock, and tool rest. Here are the functions of each of these parts.
    • The headstock consists of the drive train, including the motor, pulleys, belts, and spindle, and for a right handed turner, will be located on the left end of the lathe. Mounted on the end of the headstock facing the tailstock is the spindle and the spur center or for face turning such as bowls and plates, or other flat or face work, the face plate assembly.
    • The tail stock is the free spinning end of the lathe, and has the tailstock spindle and the cup center, as well as a hand-wheel or other feature for clamping or securing the work piece between the lathe centers.
    • The tool rest is similar to a mechanical arm with a metal guide bar to support the chisel used for turning the work piece. It usually can be adjusted by sliding the length of the bed at its base, with an intermediate arm that can swing from a parallel to a perpendicular position in relation to the lathe bed, and the upper arm, which holds the actual tool rest bar. This assembly has as many as three swivel joints , all of which tighten with a setscrew or clamp to keep it secure while turning is in progress.
  5. Read your owner's manual before proceeding with actual lathe work for specific instructions, features and detailed safety instructions. Keep your owner's manual handy for reference if you decide to purchase accessories for your particular lathe, for maintenance instructions, and for reference to capacities and specifications for your machine.
  6. For a beginner, using a softwood like southern yellow pine, lodge-pole pine, or balsam fir may be a good idea. Look for a piece with fairly straight grain, and few, tight, knots. Never turn a split piece of stock, or one with loose knots , these may separate during turning, and become projectiles traveling at a significant speed.
  7. For example, if you are going to begin with a piece of 2X4 lumber, rip it to a nominally square shape, such as 2X2. You can then chamfer , or bevel the square corners, effectively creating an octagonal piece, which will reduce the amount of wood that must be removed to reach your desired cylindrical shape.
  8. For a beginner, starting with a relatively short length, less than 2 foot (0.6 m) long for an intermediate, or medium sized lathe, is a good choice. Longer work pieces are difficult to true, and maintaining a uniform diameter along the length of a longer piece can take a lot of work.
  9. Assuming the tailstock is not locked in position, slide this until it pushes the cup center into the tail end of your work piece. Using the hand crank, tighten the tailstock spindle so that it pushes the stock into the spur center, mounted on the headstock spindle. Make sure the work piece is securely held, and all clamps are tightened, otherwise, the work piece may fly off the lathe while you are turning. Also make sure the lathe keys are out of the machine before you start
  10. , keeping it far enough back to allow the work piece to rotate without hitting it, but as close as possible. A good working distance is about 3/4 of an inch. Remember, the closer the tool rest is to the turning work piece, the more leverage and better control you will have with your knife (chisel).
  11. It is a good practice to always turn a work piece by hand before turning the lathe on, making sure it has sufficient clearance.
  12. A roughing gouge is a good choice for beginning to turn an irregular or square work piece down to a round shape. Practice holding the tool on the tool rest, using your left (again, for right handed persons) hand on the metal blade behind the tool rest, and your right near the end of the handle. Keeping your elbows in , and braced against your body will give you better control of the tool.
  13. Place the cutting edge of the tool on the rest, keeping clear of the rotating work piece, check your grip, and slowly begin easing it toward the work piece. You want to move in toward it perpendicular to the work piece, until the cutting edge just touches the wood. Forcing it or moving too quickly will cause the tool to jam into the wood, and it will either break off, or you will lose your grip on the tool if the lathe doesn't stall out. This is one of the most dangerous steps in beginning turning.
  14. When truing, you will want to cut small chips, less than 1/4 of an inch in length.
  15. When using a roughing gouge or similar tool, you can cant , or pitch the tool edge so chips are thrown at an angle from the work piece, so you do not become covered with them while you turn. Twist the tool slightly and observe the flight path of the chips to adjust it so they fly away from you to your right or left.
  16. Continue pushing the tool into the stock gradually, in passes , so that you remove a roughly equal amount of wood with each pass. This will eventually cut away the angular corners, leaving your work piece round, and with practice, cylindrical in shape.
  17. Stop the lathe frequently when you are just beginning, to check your progress, look for stress cracks in the wood, and clear debris which may begin to accumulate on the lathe bed. You may want to use a pair of calipers to check the diameter of your work piece along its length so you finish with the desired diameter.
  18. Smooth the finished round work piece by increasing your lathe speed, and holding your cutting tool so it barely contacts the wood, then moving it slowly along the work piece’s length. The slower your tool movement, and finer , or lighter the cut, the smoother the finished cut will be.
  19. You can sand the stock by hand while it is turning if you use caution. Turn the lathe off, and swing the tool rest out of the way, then select a suitable grit and type of sandpaper for this process. Turn the lathe back on, and hold the paper lightly against the wood, moving it back and forth to prevent removing too much wood from one area of the work piece.
    20. Advertisement

Video

Community Q&A

Search
Add New Question
  • Question
    I'm using round dowel sticks on my small lathe. It is hard to get them fit on center so they spin smooth and true. How can I consistently find the center of the end of these round dowels?
    Community Answer
    Use a center finder template to mark a line across the end of the dowel. Rotate the dowel in the center finder and mark another line. Where those lines intersect is the center of the dowel. You may find it helpful to set the drive spur and live center by drilling a small hole at the center mark at both ends using a drill. The center spurs of the drive center and live center will then "home" more easily, and are less likely to wander while you adjust the tailstock to hold the piece securely in the lathe.
    Thanks! We're glad this was helpful.
    Thank you for your feedback.
    If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. We’re committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. Support wikiHow
    Yes No
    Not Helpful 5 Helpful 13
  • Question
    Does the top or bottom turn toward the operator?
    Community Answer
    If the motor is running in 'forward' mode, the top comes toward you. If it is running in reverse for sanding, the bottom comes up first.
    Thanks! We're glad this was helpful.
    Thank you for your feedback.
    If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. We’re committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. Support wikiHow
    Yes No
    Not Helpful 4 Helpful 11
  • Question
    Which direction is the rotation of a wood lathe?
    Community Answer
    Towards the operator - the wedge of the cutting tool should be able to "dig" into the work.
    Thanks! We're glad this was helpful.
    Thank you for your feedback.
    If wikiHow has helped you, please consider a small contribution to support us in helping more readers like you. We’re committed to providing the world with free how-to resources, and even $1 helps us in our mission. Support wikiHow
    Yes No
    Not Helpful 9 Helpful 15
See more answers
Ask a Question
200 characters left
Include your email address to get a message when this question is answered.
Submit
      Advertisement

      Tips

      Show More Tips
      Submit a Tip
      All tip submissions are carefully reviewed before being published
      Name
      Please provide your name and last initial
      Submit
      Thanks for submitting a tip for review!
      Advertisement

      Warnings

      Advertisement

      Things You'll Need

      • Lathe
      • Turning tools
      • Wood stock
      • Safety equipment

      You Might Also Like

      How to
      Stain Wood
      How to
      Build a Router Table
      How to
      Use a Dremel Tool
      How to
      Plane Wood
      How to
      Use a Crimping Tool
      How to
      Use an Angle Grinder
      How to
      Use a Plunge Router
      How to
      Adjust a Crimping Tool
      How to
      Sharpen Chisels
      How to
      Set Planer Blades
      How to
      Set Up a Lathe
      How to
      Use a Jigsaw
      Advertisement

      References

      1. http://www.woodturner.org/
      2. http://www.aroundthewoods.com/

      About This Article

      In other languages
      Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 420,592 times.

      Did this article help you?

      Advertisement