[Title] [Student Name] [Professor’s Name [Course Number] [Date of Submission] In today’s modern era, television and movies portray prisons as relatively consistent in terms of design, function, and organization. This was not, however, always the case. Prison design prior to the French Revolution — or the Enlightenment generally — were vastly different according to each region throughout Europe, and shifts in types of punishment were frequent in the 18th and 19th centuries. Several key factors brought about widespread standardization, and it is apparent that prison structure, design and organization were predominantly influenced by philosophical thought of the time, religious changes to Europe’s main churches, and to the emergence of the industrial revolution. As with any era, the turn of the 18th into the 19th century saw a new form of critical thought, and several key writings influenced philosophical thought as it related to the imprisonment of criminals in Western society. In the first decades of the 19th century in English, “[I]t was recognised that apart from the function of deterrence and retribution the prisons should also exercise a reformatory influence” (Radzinowicz, 121). One such proponent of this refocusing on reform was...