如何创建局域网（LAN）

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共同创作者是 Yaffet Meshesha

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本文教你如何创建局域网（LAN），使连接局域网的计算机和设备之间可以相互通信，并且访问互联网。

部分 1
部分 1 的 3:

确定网络需求

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    在创建局域网时，你需要知道有多少台计算机将通过以太网连接到网络。这将决定所需的端口数量。
    • 如果需要硬接线的计算机不超过四台，你只需要一个路由器。如果需要硬接线的计算机超过四台，你可能需要一个交换机来扩展路由器上可用端口数量。
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    如果你想让设备进行无线连接，需要一个可以广播无线网络的路由器。在商店或网上找到的路由器大多数都有无线功能。
    • 网络交换机不支持连接无线设备，只能用于硬接线局域网或扩展路由器可用端口的数量。
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    如果你希望所有接入设备都能联网，那就需要用路由器来连接。如果这些设备不需要联网，使用网络交换机就可以了。
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    在大多数家庭中，这并不是什么问题，但是网络电缆不能超过100米。如果电缆超过这个长度，你需要在电缆之间使用交换机。
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    如果硬件上的所有端口都快被塞满了，考虑做长远打算，以便今后可以接入更多设备。
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部分 2
部分 2 的 3:

创建基本局域网

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    要创建局域网，你需要一个路由器或交换机。作为网络枢纽，这些设备将信息路由至对应的计算机。
    • 路由器 会自动为网络中的每台设备分配IP地址，并且如果你打算与所有已连接的设备共享互联网连接，路由器是必要的。即使你没有共享互联网连接，也建议使用路由器构建网络。
    • 网络交换机 类似于简化版的路由器。它使连接的设备之间可以相互通信，但是不能自动分配IP地址，也不能分享互联网连接。交换机最适合用于扩展网络上可用的LAN端口数量，因为交换机可以连接路由器。
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    基本的局域网不需要做什么路由器设置。只要插上电源，如果你打算通过路由器来共享互联网连接，最好让路由器靠近调制解调器。
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    如果你通过调制解调器共享互联网连接，将调制解调器连接到路由器上的WAN/INTERNET端口。该端口颜色通常与其他端口颜色不同。
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    如果你使用交换机来扩展路由器上可用端口的数量，将以太网电缆分别插入路由器和交换机上的任何LAN端口。这样可以把网络扩展到交换机上的其他LAN端口。
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    使用以太网电缆将每台计算机连接到路由器或交换机上的LAN端口。端口连接的顺序无关紧要。
    • 长度超过100米后，以太网电缆无法可靠地传输数据。
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    如果你只使用交换机作为网络集线器，那么将一台计算机设置为DHCP（动态主机配置协议）服务器，将允许所有连接的计算机轻松获得IP地址。
    • 通过安装第三方实用程序，可以在计算机上快速创建DHCP服务器。
    • 一旦服务器运行，只要计算机经过相应的设置，网络上的其他计算机将自动获得IP地址。
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    每台计算机获得IP地址后，便可以在网络上相互通信。如果使用路由器来共享互联网连接，每台计算机都能访问互联网。
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    当网络建立好了，除非该计算机具有共享文件，否则你无法在其他计算机上看到任何内容。你可以指定共享文件、文件夹、驱动器、打印机和其他设备，方便网络上的任何用户或特定用户访问。
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部分 3
部分 3 的 3:

创建无线网络

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    设置无线路由器时，你需要记住以下几点：
    • 为了方便故障排除，路由器通常应该靠近调制解调器。
    • 路由器应该位于中心位置，以实现最大的无线覆盖。
    • 在设置过程中，需要通过以太网将计算机连接到路由器。
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    使用计算机的网页浏览器来配置路由器的无线网络。
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    可以使用任何网页浏览器。
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    可以在路由器底部或者在路由器文档中找到IP地址。如果找不到，试试以下步骤：
    • Windows：右击单击系统托盘中的“网络”按钮→点击“打开网络和共享中心”→点击“以太网连接”→点击“详细信息”→找到路由器IP地址的“默认网关条目”。
    • Mac：点击Apple菜单并选择“系统偏好设置”→点击“网络”→点击“以太网连接”→找到路由器IP地址的“路由条目”。
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    你将会收到提示，要求你输入路由器登录信息。默认登录信息因路由器型号而异，但用户名通常是“admin”，密码通常是“admin”、“password”或空白。
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/9e\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-19-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-19-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9e\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-19-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-19-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":344,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":544,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    该部分的具体位置和名称因路由器而异。
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    这个字段也称之为“网络名称”。这是出现在可用无线网络列表中的名称。
  8. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f6\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-21-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":344,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":544,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    这是目前大多数路由器上可用的最安全的选项。避免选择WPA和WEP，除非是不兼容的旧设备有明确要求。
  9. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/4f\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-22-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-22-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/4f\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-22-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-22-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":344,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":544,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    连接网络会需要该密码。这个字段可能被标记为“预共享密钥”。
  10. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/49\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-23-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-23-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/49\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-23-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-23-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":346,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":547,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    你可能需要在“无线网络”菜单顶部，选中一个复选框或点击一个按钮来启用无线网络，具体取决于路由器。
  11. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/98\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-24-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-24-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/98\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-24-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-24-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":347,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":549,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    这样可以保存路由器设置变更。
  12. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/5\/5a\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-25-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-25-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/5a\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-25-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-25-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":344,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":545,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    路由器和网络恢复正常可能需要一会儿。
  13. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/3\/3b\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-26-Version-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-26-Version-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3b\/Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-26-Version-2.jpg\/v4-728px-Create-a-Local-Area-Network-%28LAN%29-Step-26-Version-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":343,"bigWidth":728,"bigHeight":543,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    一旦网络恢复正常，就会出现在网络覆盖范围内任何无线设备的可用网络列表中。当连接网络时，用户会被提示输入你创建的密码。
    • 通过以太网连接到路由器的计算机不需要密码。
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