解决土壤氨味重的问题

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共同创作者是 Lindsey Swett

参考

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土壤散发一股刺鼻的氨味？别担心，这是很常见的园艺问题，完全可以自己解决。本文会回答一些和土壤氨味重相关的问题，并告诉你如何消除这股臭味，改善土壤健康。

Question 1 的 6:

土壤为什么会有氨味？

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    如果土壤排水不好，很快就会积水，导致厌氧细菌滋生，产生难闻的氨味。 [1]
    • 想要测试土壤的排水能力，你可以在花园挖一个长度、宽度和深度皆为30厘米的洞，然后往里面倒满水。如果水在3小时之内排空，表示土壤的排水能力良好，氨味应该是其它原因造成的。 [2]
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    即使土壤的排水能力良好，一下子引入过多水一样会积水，并散发恶臭味。如果土壤没有机会变干，就会产生氨味。 [3]
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    缺氧的土壤含氧量低于健康水平。缺氧会引发几个问题，这些问题全都会导致土壤散发氨味。 [4] 缺氧的土壤通常有以下一个或多个特征：
    • 土壤黏重或呈灰色，意味着有大量黏土存在。
    • 土壤坚硬、紧实和难以翻松，意味着土壤压实，失去了内部的空隙，无法渗透。
    • 土壤积水和长时间处于潮湿状态均意味着排水不良。 [5]
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Question 2 的 6:

如何解决土壤氨味重的问题？

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    富含纤维素的有机改良剂能有效解决土壤黏重、紧实或积水的问题，比如泥煤、木屑、树皮和稻草。 [6] 首先，在土壤上撒5-8厘米厚的有机改良剂。然后，用翻土机、铲子或掘土叉将它们拌入土壤里。最好在种植前3-6周改良土壤。 [7]
    • 一定要将有机物质均匀地拌入整个花园的土壤中。 [8]
    • 不要将改良剂添加到潮湿的土壤，这只会导致土壤压实更严重。 [9]
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    如果土壤本身没有问题，你需要减少浇水次数。一般来说，每8天提供10厘米高的水就好。 [10] 如果土壤已经种了植物，植物的根会加快水被吸收的速度，可能需要增加浇水次数。下面的测试对你有帮助：
    • 浇水之前，挖一个长度、宽度和深度均为30厘米的洞。如果土壤看起来是潮湿的，过几天再浇水。
    • 往洞里倒满水，测试土壤的排水能力。如果水无法在3小时内被完全吸收，表示土壤积水了，先不要浇水。 [11]
    • 在潮湿的气候使用雨量计。定期将雨量计插入土壤里，通过显示的读数判断是否需要浇更多水。 [12]
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Question 3 的 6:

健康的土壤闻起来是什么气味？

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    良好的土壤通常闻起来气味很淡，可能带有一些清新的泥土芳香，尤其是在翻松后。如果你的土壤散发酸腐或类似氨水的气味，表示它们不健康。这个问题通常是排水不良或土壤压实导致的。 [13]
Question 4 的 6:

为什么盆栽植物有氨味？

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    土壤积水会导致厌氧细菌滋生，使土壤散发臭味。每天进行简单的触摸测试，就能避免浇水过度。 [14]
    • 将手指插入土壤约2.5厘米深处。如果感觉潮湿，先不要浇水。等到土壤摸起来是干的才浇水。
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    检查每个花盆底下是否有排水孔。如果没有排水孔，或者排水孔太小了，水就无法妥当地排出来。这会导致植物散发臭味，引起根腐病之类的疾病。 [15]
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    不要给盆栽植物使用普通的园土或其它紧实的混合土。轻质盆栽土对盆栽植物最好，因为它们会一直保持结构松散，用久了也不会压实，而且排水能力良好，可以防止积水。 [16]
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Question 5 的 6:

如何解决盆栽植物氨味重的问题？

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    选择泥煤苔、蛭石和（或）珍珠岩组成的无土盆栽混合物。这些轻质和多孔的无土混合物适合用来种植盆栽植物。 [17] 你甚至可以自己调配无土混合物，只需要将等量的泥煤苔、蛭石或珍珠岩混匀就行了。 [18]
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    选择一个底部或侧边有排水孔的花盆。如果排水孔在底部，要稍微抬高花盆，好让水排出来。如果花盆必须放在地上、桌子或架子等平坦的表面，排水孔必须在侧边而非底部。 [19]
    • 如果你不想更换花盆，也可以在原本的花盆底部或侧边钻多几个排水孔。
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Question 6 的 6:

为什么堆肥有氨味？

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    草屑之类的绿色物质含氮量高，太多氮就会产生氨味。用铲子翻一翻堆肥，将它们摊开来，好让多余的氮气消散。然后，多混入一些枯叶、护根覆盖物等棕色物质来恢复平衡。 [20]

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参考

  1. ↑ http://compost.css.cornell.edu/odors/ammonia.html
  2. ↑ https://agrilife.org/treecarekit/tree-identification-selection/identification-of-and-corrective-action-for-poorly-drained-soils-in-the-landscape/
  3. ↑ https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/earthkind/landscape/dont-bag-it/chapter-1-the-decomposition-process/
  4. ↑ https://ohioline.osu.edu/factsheet/SAG-19
  5. ↑ https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/woody/poor-soil.shtml
  6. ↑ https://sswm.info/sites/default/files/reference_attachments/DAVIS%20and%20WILSON%202005%20Choosing%20a%20Soil%20Amendment.pdf
  7. ↑ https://gardeningsolutions.ifas.ufl.edu/care/fertilizer/organic-matter.html
  8. ↑ https://agrilife.org/treecarekit/tree-identification-selection/identification-of-and-corrective-action-for-poorly-drained-soils-in-the-landscape/
  9. ↑ https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/yardandgarden/resist-the-urge-to-work-wet-soil/
  1. ↑ https://extension.oregonstate.edu/news/soil-texture-determines-how-much-how-often-water
  2. ↑ https://agrilife.org/treecarekit/tree-identification-selection/identification-of-and-corrective-action-for-poorly-drained-soils-in-the-landscape/
  3. ↑ https://apnews.com/article/gardening-lifestyle-3f8e1f54509e989b68e3e4bd3f022157
  4. ↑ https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/ky/soils/health/?cid=nrcseprd376407
  5. ↑ https://mgsantaclara.ucanr.edu/garden-help/container-gardening/#watering_for_containers
  6. ↑ https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/extension-gardener-handbook/18-plants-grown-in-containers
  7. ↑ http://chemung.cce.cornell.edu/resources/container-gardening
  8. ↑ http://chemung.cce.cornell.edu/resources/container-gardening
  9. ↑ https://extension.psu.edu/homemade-potting-media
  10. ↑ http://chemung.cce.cornell.edu/resources/container-gardening
  11. ↑ https://soiltest.uconn.edu/factsheet_5_949296652.pdf

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