How to Calculate and Measure Water Pump Horsepower

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All the measurements and equations required to determine how much power you need

Co-authored by Luke Smith, MFA

Last Updated: June 13, 2024 Fact Checked

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Calculating Water Horsepower for a Planned Project

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Measuring a Pump's Water Horsepower

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Q&A

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Tips

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Warnings

A pump is a basic but vital device that supplies the force to move water or other fluids from one location to another. Like any device that transfers energy across a distance, a pump’s effectiveness is measured in power. Although watts and kilowatts are more common units of power measurement, horsepower is still commonly used for high-output electrical devices in the United States. We’ll show you how to calculate the horsepower you need before installing a pump, as well as how to measure the horsepower of an existing pump.

How to Calculate Pump Horsepower

Use the formula (TDH × Q × SG)/3960. The TDH, or total dynamic head is: vertical distance the liquid travels (in feet) + friction loss from the pipe. Q equals the flow rate of liquid in gallons per minute, and SG is the specific gravity, which equals 1 for water.

Method 1

Method 1 of 2:

Calculating Water Horsepower for a Planned Project

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1
Decide on the desired flow rate. The needs of your project determine the necessary flow rate of liquid from the pump. Write this value down in gallons per minute (gpm). You won't be using this value right away, but it will determine which pumps and pipes you consider. ^{[1]
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Penn State Extension
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- In other words, you need to know how much water you need to move per minute, which will vary by project. Refer to this gpm chart for common flow rate estimates.
  Example: A gardener has an irrigation plan that requires a flow rate of 10 gallons per minute .
This is the vertical distance from the top of the water table (or the top of the water level in the first tank) to the final destination of the water. Ignore any horizontal distance. If the water level changes over time, use the maximum expected distance. This is the "pumping lift" your pump will need to generate. ^{[2]
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Example: When the gardener's water tank is nearly empty (the lowest expected level), its water level is 50 feet below the area of the garden that needs watering.

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3
Estimate friction losses from the pipe. Besides the minimum pressure needed to move water a certain distance, your pump also needs to overcome the force of friction as the water moves through the pipe. The amount of friction depends on the pipe's material, internal diameter, and length, as well as the type of bends and fittings you use. Look up these values on a pipe friction loss chart such as this one . Multiply the total length of your pipe by the friction loss figure to find the total friction loss per feet of head (meaning the number of feet you "lose" from your pumping lift because of friction). ^{[3]
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- These charts often include an estimate of water velocity as well, based on flow rate and the pipes you use. It's best to keep velocity below 5 ft / s to prevent "water hammer," the repeated knocking vibration that can damage your equipment.
  Example: The gardener decides to use 1" diameter plastic pipes, and needs 75 ft of pipe total (including horizontal lengths). A pipe friction loss chart tells him that 1" plastic pipes cause a loss of 6.3 ft of head for every 100 ft of pipe length.
  $75ft*{\frac {6.3ft_{{head}}}{100ft}}=4.7ft_{{head}}$
  He also looks up the friction loss from each fitting in the pipe. For 1" plastic, one 90º elbow connector and three threaded fittings contribute a total loss of 15 ft.
  Adding this all together, the total friction loss is 4.7 + 15 = 19.7 ft., or about 20 ft .
The vertical distance water needs to travel plus the friction losses from the pipe make the "total dynamic head" or TDH. This is the total pressure load the pump needs to overcome. ^{[4]
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Example: TDH = vertical distance + friction loss = 50 ft + 20 ft = 70 ft.
The basic water horsepower formula assumes you are pumping water. If you are pumping a different fluid, look up its "specific gravity" online or in an engineering reference table . Fluids with a higher specific density are denser, and require more horsepower to push through the pipe. ^{[5]
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Example: Since the gardener is pumping water, he doesn't need to look anything up. Water's specific gravity is equal to 1.
The water horsepower, or minimum power required to run the pump, equals ${\frac {TDH*Q*SG}{3960}}$ , where TDH is the total dynamic head in feet, Q is the flow rate in gpm, and SG is the specific gravity (1 for water). Enter all the values you found into this formula to find the water horsepower for your project. ^{[6]
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Example: The garden pump needs to overcome a TDH of 70 ft and produce a flow rate Q of 10 gpm. Since it is pumping water, the SG is equal to 1.
Water horsepower = ${\frac {TDH*Q*SG}{3960}}={\frac {70*10*1}{3960}}=$ ~ 0.18 horsepower .
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Divide horsepower by pump efficiency. Now you know how much horsepower you need to supply to run your pump. However, no mechanical device is 100% efficient at transferring power. Once you have chosen a pump, check the manufacturer's info for the pump's efficiency and write it as a decimal. Divide the water horsepower by this value to find the actual horsepower of the motor you need for your pump. ^{[7]
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- Most modern pumps are between 50% and 85% efficient when used as intended. ^{[8]
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  Research source} If you cannot find an efficiency rating for your pump, you can assume the actual motor horsepower needed falls between ${\frac {WaterHP}{0.5}}$ and ${\frac {WaterHP}{0.85}}$
  Example: To do 0.18 horsepower of work, a pump with a 50% (or 0.5) efficiency rating would actually require ${\frac {0.18}{0.5}}=$ a 0.36 hp motor.

Method 2

Method 2 of 2:

Measuring a Pump's Water Horsepower

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1
Check the water level in the base reservoir tank. This is the tank that supplies water for your pump. The water level in the tank will also equal the water level in the pipe, so this is the level the pump is currently drawing from. Read the indicator on your reservoir to find this. ^{[9]
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- If you are pumping from a well, either measure the depth directly or look for an estimate of water table levels in your area (at this time of year). Government agencies such as the USGS can often provide this information.
2
Empty the destination reservoir. The destination reservoir is a second tank, to which the pump transfers water from the base reservoir. Make sure it is empty and connected properly to the pump. ^{[10]
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- If you do not normally have a tank here, just put down a large bucket to collect the water for this measurement. Use a bucket of known size in gallons.
3
Measure the vertical distance between the two locations. Using a scale or ruler, measure the vertical distance between the water level in the base reservoir tank and the water input at the destination tank. Write down the distance in feet. ^{[11]
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- For example, say the water level in the first tank is 120 feet lower in elevation than the destination reservoir.
- For this step, it doesn't matter how much horizontal distance the water travels.
Switch on the pump to start pumping water. Start a stopwatch at the same time. Observe how long it takes for the second reservoir to fill, and jot down this number, as well as the capacity of the second reservoir. ^{[12]
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Measure the flow rate. Once your pump is working, measure the volumetric flow rate: the volume of water transported per unit of time. Note this rate in gallons per minute.
- For example, your pump takes 30 seconds to fill a 10-gallon container. This means the flow rate is ${\frac {10\ gallons}{30\ seconds}}*60{\frac {seconds}{minute}}=20{\frac {gallons}{minute}}$ . This is usually written 20 gpm , for "gallons per minute".
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Look up the specific gravity of the fluid. Specific gravity is a measurement of density: the more dense a fluid is, the more power it takes to pump. Water has a specific gravity of 1. If pumping a different fluid, look it up on a specific gravity engineering table . ^{[13]
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- This example will use water, so the specific gravity is 1.
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Estimate horsepower from these values. The water horsepower of the pump is roughly equal to ${\frac {H*Q*SG}{3960}}$ , where H is the vertical distance the water travels in feet, Q is the flow rate in gallons per minute, and SG is the specific gravity of the fluid. ^{[14]
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- In this example, the pump is operating at ${\frac {120ft*20gpm*1}{3960}}=$ 0.65 horsepower .
- In reality, you are likely using more power than this on your pump. Your pump is also overcoming the force of friction in the pipes, and some power is wasted due to the inefficiency of the motor. You can double this result for a rough estimate of power consumption, or track the actual amount of fuel or electricity your motor uses, or refer to the full calculations above .

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Are you working in IGPM or USGPM ?

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This answer was written by one of our trained team of researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness.

wikiHow Staff Editor

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For these equations, we're working US Gallons per Minute, and all measurements are in imperial units.

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How do I find the flow rate of my water pump?

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This answer was written by one of our trained team of researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness.

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Empty the secondary tank and time how long it takes to fill. The time divided by the seconds it takes to fill the tank is your flow rate.

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How much horsepower is needed to pump water at a height of 1 km?

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How many people are in your house? It depends on how much water you will need to pump.

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Tips

Remember that 1 unit of horsepower is equivalent to 746 watts. ^{[15]
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Research source} Depending on your circumstances, you may need to convert from one of these measurements to the other.

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Just like pumps, motors themselves are not 100% efficient either. Be sure to select a motor with output horsepower above the minimum horsepower you calculated (or equivalent watts of electricity) in order to account for inefficiency. ^{[16]
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Use "3956" instead of "3960" in the horsepower formula for a slightly more accurate result. ^{[17]
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Go to source} Online water horsepower calculators may give 2 slightly different answers depending on which value they use.

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Warnings

In practice pumps can only draw water up to about 22.5 feet at sea level, and roughly 1 foot less than this for each 1,000 ft of elevation above sea level. Make sure the actual suctioning component of the pump is located within this distance above the water.

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Powerful pump systems can involve very high pressure and high voltage components. Install them only under experienced supervision. ^{[18]
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How to Calculate and Measure Water Pump Horsepower

How to Calculate Pump Horsepower

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Calculating Water Horsepower for a Planned Project

Measuring a Pump's Water Horsepower

Community Q&A

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