How to Care for a Rabbit with GI Stasis

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Gastrointestinal (GI) stasis is one of the most common digestive problems in rabbits. [1] It has several causes (e.g., dental disease, stress, pain from an underlying illness) and stops your rabbit’s normal GI motility. [2] GI stasis is a very serious medical condition in rabbits and requires immediate veterinary care. [3] To continue taking good care of your rabbit, learn how to recognize GI stasis, how it's treated, and what you can do to prevent it from happening again.

Part 1
Part 1 of 3:

Recognizing GI Stasis in Your Rabbit

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    GI stasis is not always readily apparent in rabbits, especially in the early stages of disease. Since rabbits are prey animals, they tend to hide their pain to avoid looking vulnerable to a predator. Your own rabbit may do the same. [4] Fortunately, one of the most recognizable symptoms of GI stasis is a decrease or complete stop of feces production.
    • If your rabbit is producing fewer fecal pellets than usual, or has completely stopped producing them, he probably has GI stasis. [5]
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    Another telltale sign of GI stasis is a partial or complete lack of appetite. [6] It would be obvious if your rabbit is not eating at all, but not so obvious if he is eating less. Consider keeping a food diary where you can record how much you gave your rabbit to eat and how much he actually ate.
    • In addition to eating less, your rabbit will drink less water, which can lead to serious dehydration.
    • Instead of eating his normal food, your rabbit may eat non-food objects like paper or wood to try to increase his fiber intake. [7] Fiber helps move food through the GI tract, so your rabbit may become desperate to eat anything to get more fiber in his digestive system.
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    Unsurprisingly, your rabbit’s overall demeanor will change if he has GI stasis. Even if he tries to hide it at first, his mood will start to change as GI stasis takes its toll. For example, your rabbit will become depressed. He will also become lethargic. [8]
    • Because of his intense pain, your rabbit will start hunching over. [9]
    • Your rabbit may also grind his teeth due to the pain. [10]
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    As GI stasis progresses, your rabbit’s intestines will fill up with gas. [11] If your rabbit will let you, gently place your hands on his abdomen. His abdomen will probably feel doughy to the touch. [12]
    • Remember that your rabbit may be in a lot of pain, so touching his abdomen could make him very uncomfortable. [13]
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Part 2
Part 2 of 3:

Treating Your Rabbit’s GI Stasis

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    GI stasis in rabbits can be life threatening, [14] so do not delay in getting your rabbit to your veterinarian. Your veterinarian will physically examine your rabbit and run several diagnostic tests to confirm GI stasis. During the physical exam, your veterinarian will palpate your rabbit’s abdomen and put his or her stethoscope on the abdomen to listen for gut sounds. [15]
    • Your veterinarian will also look at your rabbit’s mouth, since dental disease can lead to GI stasis. [16]
    • In addition to the physical exam, your veterinarian will take several samples (feces, urine, blood) for analysis. He or she will also take an x-ray of your rabbit’s abdomen to get a better look at his GI tract. [17]
    • Your veterinarian will need to make sure your rabbit has GI stasis, rather than an intestinal blockage, since these two conditions are treated differently. The difference between the two will be apparent on the abdominal x-ray. [18]
    • If your rabbit has an obstruction, that will need to be treated as well.
    • Do not attempt to diagnose GI stasis on your own. Not only is it difficult to recognize early on, but other diseases resemble GI stasis. [19] It is best to have your veterinarian diagnose your rabbit’s GI stasis.
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    Intensive care by your veterinarian is required to treat your rabbit’s GI stasis. [20] Your rabbit’s treatment plan will have many parts, one of which is pain relief. When his intestines fill with gas, this can stretch the walls of gut and cause intense pain. [21] In addition, pain can cause GI stasis. Therefore, pain relief is an important aspect of treating GI stasis.
    • Several pain medications are available for your rabbit. Your veterinarian will decide which medication will work best for your rabbit.
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    When your rabbit drinks less water with GI stasis, his body will draw water out of his GI tract and move it to other parts of his body in an attempt to stay hydrated. [22] To treat your rabbit, your veterinarian will need to not only rehydrate your rabbit as a whole, but also rehydrate his GI tract so food can move through more easily. [23] Rehydration will also provide your rabbit with much-needed nutrients. [24]
    • The fluids will help stimulate your rabbit’s gut motility.
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    Anorexia can cause serious health problems in rabbits (fatty liver disease, gastric ulcers), even after just 12 hours of not eating. [25] Since your rabbit has not been eating due to his GI stasis, it is critical for him to start eating again. Your veterinarian will probably feed him an emergency food called Critical Care. [26]
    • If your rabbit may not be strong enough to eat on his own, your veterinarian will hand feed him using a syringe or feed him through a nasogastric tube. [27]
    • In addition to this emergency food, your veterinarian will give your rabbit free-choice hay and leafy greens. [28] Since alfalfa hay can cause bloating, [29] your veterinarian will instead feed your rabbit some type of grass hay (e.g., timothy, oat, brome). [30]
    • Fresh herbs can stimulate an anorexic rabbit to eat. Examples of herbs are mint, basil, and fennel. Alternatively, your veterinarian may want to use an appetite stimulant, such as B vitamins. [31]
    • Your rabbit will need to be fed frequently (every 3 to 6 hours) to prevent complications from anorexia, restore nutrients, and stimulate gut motility. [32] [33]
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    In addition to rehydrating and feeding your rabbit, your veterinarian will give your rabbit medications (‘prokinetics’) to get his gut moving again. Prokinetics should be given only if your rabbit does not have an intestinal obstruction. [34] Your veterinarian will have determined if your rabbit has an obstruction (e.g., hairball) with earlier diagnostic testing.
    • Prokinetics may not work immediately. It may take a few weeks for gut motility to return to normal with prokinetics. [35]
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    During the course GI stasis, harmful bacteria ( Clostridium ) can form in the gut and release bad toxins. [36] Your veterinarian may want to use a medication called Questran that can absorb these bad toxins and pass them through the feces. [37] By absorbing the toxins, Questran can aid the recovery process while other medications are working to restore gut motility. [38]
    • Antibiotics should be used with caution when treating GI stasis in rabbits. Overuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of treatment resistant bacteria, which could make it even more difficult to treat GI stasis. [39]
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    There are treatments that should be absolutely avoided when treating your rabbit’s GI stasis. For example, yogurt and probiotics are not recommended, since the milk starches and sugar in these substances can actually feed the bad bacteria growing in your rabbit’s GI tract. Feeding your rabbit cecotropes (his own droppings) is not a good idea for the same reason. [40]
    • You may have heard that pineapples are a good hairball remedy for rabbits. [41] Since hairballs can form as a result of GI stasis, it may make sense to try to break down the hairball. However, the enzymes in pineapples cannot break down keratin, the main component of hair. [42]
    • Your veterinarian should not give your rabbit pineapple.
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Part 3
Part 3 of 3:

Preventing GI Stasis in Your Rabbit

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    As you can see, treating GI stasis in rabbits is intensive and extensive. It is much easier to prevent GI stasis than to treat it. [43] One of the best ways to prevent GI stasis is to feed your rabbit a high-fiber diet. Hay is an excellent source of fiber, so make sure your rabbit has unlimited access to fresh, high quality hay.
    • The freshest hay will likely be at your local feed store. The fresher the hay, the more nutrients it will have.
    • Your rabbit can also get a lot of fiber from fresh vegetables, such as leafy greens, celery, and green peppers. [44]
    • The pellets you feed your rabbit should be at least 18 to 20% fiber.
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    In addition to fiber, water is essential to keeping food moving smoothly your rabbit’s GI tract. An easy way to get your rabbit to drink more water is to put it in a bowl instead of a sipper bottle. [45] Refill the bowl often to make sure your rabbit has enough water to drink at all times.
    • Place the water in a sipper bottle if you will not be home enough to frequently refill a water bowl.
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    Stress can cause GI stasis, so you should try to identify and remove the stressors in your rabbit’s environment. Overcrowding is an example of a stressor. If you have more than one rabbit, you may need to separate them to relieve the overcrowding. [46]
    • Excessive heat can also be stressful to your rabbit. [47] If his pen is by a window that gets a lot of direct sun, move his pen to an area of the room that gets less sun.
    • Enriching your rabbit’s environment with different toys and digging material can keep him busy and help him feel less stressed when you are not around to play with him. [48]
    • If you make any changes to your rabbit’s diet or daily routine, make them gradually. [49] Rapid changes can increase a rabbit’s stress.
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    Regular veterinary check-ups would help your veterinarian detect and treat underlying diseases that could eventually lead to GI stasis. [50] For example, your veterinarian can check your rabbit’s incisors and molars to see if their growth is affecting your rabbit’s ability to chew his food. [51]
    • Regular veterinary visits may be costly, but may actually be inexpensive compared to the cost of treating GI stasis.
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Expert Q&A

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  • Question
    What do I do if my rabbit has GI stasis?
    Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
    Veterinarian
    Dr. Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS is a veterinarian with over 30 years of experience in veterinary surgery and companion animal practice. She graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1987 with a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery. She has worked at the same animal clinic in her hometown for over 20 years.
    Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
    Veterinarian
    Expert Answer
    See a vet immediately. Gut stasis can be fatal if not treated promptly. In the meantime, try and force feed the rabbit with vegetable based baby food.
    Thanks! We're glad this was helpful.
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  • Question
    How long can a rabbit go without food or water?
    Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
    Veterinarian
    Dr. Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS is a veterinarian with over 30 years of experience in veterinary surgery and companion animal practice. She graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1987 with a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery. She has worked at the same animal clinic in her hometown for over 20 years.
    Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
    Veterinarian
    Expert Answer
    Rabbits need to eat constantly to keep their gut working and turning over. Even a short time, such as 12 hours, without food has the potential to be dangerous to rabbits.
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  • Question
    What causes GI stasis in rabbits?
    Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
    Veterinarian
    Dr. Elliott, BVMS, MRCVS is a veterinarian with over 30 years of experience in veterinary surgery and companion animal practice. She graduated from the University of Glasgow in 1987 with a degree in veterinary medicine and surgery. She has worked at the same animal clinic in her hometown for over 20 years.
    Pippa Elliott, MRCVS
    Veterinarian
    Expert Answer
    Stress or pain are two of the most common causes of gut stasis. Hormones released in these situations inhibit gut function and cause the digestive system to shut down.
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      Tips

      • It can take anywhere from a few days to a few weeks for your rabbit to recover from GI stasis. [52]
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      • Keeping your rabbit at a healthy weight can also prevent GI stasis. [53]
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      • If you have a female rabbit, the surgery to spay her (ovariohysterectomy) may cause adhesions between her uterus and GI tract, which can slow down gut motility. [54]
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      Warnings

      • GI stasis is often not recognizable until it is very advanced. [58] Take your rabbit to your veterinarian as soon as you suspect GI stasis. The longer you wait, the worse your rabbit’s prognosis will be. [59]
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      References

      1. ↑ http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/rabbits/noninfectious_diseases_of_rabbits.html
      2. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      3. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      4. ↑ http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/rabbits/noninfectious_diseases_of_rabbits.html
      5. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      6. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      7. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      8. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      9. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      1. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      2. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      3. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      4. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      5. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      6. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      7. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      8. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      9. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      10. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      11. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      12. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      13. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      14. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      15. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      16. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      17. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      18. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      19. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      20. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      21. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      22. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      23. ↑ http://lafeber.com/vet/gastrointestinal-problems-in-rabbits/
      24. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      25. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      26. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      27. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      28. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      29. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      30. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      31. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      32. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      33. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      34. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      35. ↑ http://rabbit.org/what-to-feed-your-rabbit/
      36. ↑ http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/rabbits/noninfectious_diseases_of_rabbits.html
      37. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      38. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      39. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      40. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      41. ↑ https://hare.as.miami.edu/ileus.html
      42. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      43. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      44. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      45. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      46. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      47. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/
      48. ↑ http://www.vettimes.co.uk/article/managing-gi-stasis-in-rabbits/
      49. ↑ http://www.merckvetmanual.com/mvm/exotic_and_laboratory_animals/rabbits/noninfectious_diseases_of_rabbits.html
      50. ↑ http://www.lbah.com/word/rabbit/gi-stasis-hairballs-in-rabbits/

      About This Article

      Article Summary X

      It can be stressful if you think your rabbit has GI stasis, but if you get it help right away, you'll have a better chance of helping it recover. If your rabbit has GI stasis it may stop defecating, eat less, be lethargic or depressed, or have a doughy-feeling abdomen. If it has any of these symptoms, take it to the vet immediately, since GI stasis can be life-threatening. Your vet will likely examine your rabbit and run some diagnostic tests, like urine or blood work, to confirm the condition. Once it’s been diagnosed, your vet will give your rabbit some pain medication, and work to rehydrate it and get it to eat again. In addition, your vet may recommend feeding your rabbit a prokinetic pill to get its digestion moving again. Just avoid feeding your rabbit human remedies, like yogurt or probiotics, since these can make things worse. To learn how to prevent GI stasis, read more from our Veterinary co-author!

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