How to Calculate Relative Risk

Last Updated: December 21, 2023 Fact Checked

Relative risk is a statistical term used to describe the chances of a certain event occurring among one group versus another. It is commonly used in epidemiology and evidence-based medicine, where relative risk helps identify the probability of developing a disease after an exposure (e.g., a drug treatment or an environmental event) versus the chance of developing the disease in the absence of that exposure. ^{[1]
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1
Draw a 2x2 table. A 2x2 table is the basis for many epidemiological calculations. ^{[2]
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- Before you can draw a 2x2 table yourself, you must understand the variables:
  - A = The number of people who both had the exposure and developed the disease
  - B = The number of people who had the exposure but did not develop the disease
  - C = The number of people who did not have the exposure but did develop the disease
  - D = The number of people who neither had the exposure nor developed the disease
- Let's do an example 2x2 table.
  
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  - A study looks at 100 smokers and 100 non-smokers, and follows them for development of lung cancer.
  - Right away, we can fill in part of the table. The disease is lung cancer, the exposure is smoking, the total numbers of each group is 100, and the total of all the people in the study is 200.
  - At the end of the study, they found that 30 of the smokers and 10 of the non-smokers developed lung cancer. Now we can fill in the rest of the table.
  - Since A = the number of people exposed who got the disease (i.e. smokers who got lung cancer), we know this is 30. We can calculate B simply by subtracting A from the total: 100 - 30 = 70. Similarly, C is the number of non-smokers who got lung cancer, which we know is 10, and D = 100 - 10 = 90. ^{[3]
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2
Calculate the relative risk using the 2x2 table.
- The general formula for relative risk, using a 2x2 table, is:
  - $RR={\frac {A/(A+B)}{C(/C+D)}}$
- We can calculate relative risk using our example:
  - $RR={\frac {30/(30+70)}{10/(10+90)}}={\frac {0,3}{0,1}}=3$
- Therefore, the relative risk of acquiring lung cancer with smoking is 3.
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3
Interpret the results of relative risk.
- If the relative risk = 1, then there is no difference in risk between the two groups.
- If the relative risk is less than 1, then there is less risk in the exposed group relative to the unexposed group. ^{[4]
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- If the relative risk is greater than 1 (as in the example), then there is greater risk in the exposed group relative to the unexposed group. ^{[5]
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Can relative risk calculation be use for other study designs than a case study?

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Yes, it certainly can. It can be use in Cohort and Case-Control Studies where the objective is based on the incidence of developing a medical condition in the exposed and unexposed groups.

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How can I calculate relative risk for a number with more than 5 digits?

Donagan

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The process remains the same no matter how large the numbers are.

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What is an exposed and unexposed group?

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The exposed group includes people who have been exposed to a certain disease. The unexposed group includes people who have not been exposed to the disease.

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Study designs such as cohort studies and clinical trials allow the researcher to calculate incidence, whereas case-control studies do not. Thus, relative risk can be calculated for cohort studies and clinical trials, but not for case-control studies. Odds ratios can be used to estimate relative risk for a case-control study.

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