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A good abstract summarizes the key points of your paper without providing unnecessary detail. The APA style guide has a specific format for abstract pages, so you should be aware of this format if you are writing an APA paper. Moreover, there are other details to keep in mind concerning how to write an effective abstract. Here's what you should know.
Things You Should Know
- Write and finalize your paper before writing the abstract.
- Center the word "Abstract" at the top of the page, under the header.
- Write a 150-250 word paragraph stating the purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations included in your paper.
Steps
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Make sure you have a page header. The page header, also known as the "running head," should be included at the top of every page. [1] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
- A shortened version of your paper's title should be aligned to the top left of the page. The character count should not exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation.
- Every letter in the page header should be capitalized.
- The page number should appear in the top right of the page. An APA abstract should be the second page of your paper, so the number "2" should appear in the corner.
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Use standard font. Unless your instructor states otherwise, you should use 12-point Times New Roman font. [2] X Research source
- Some professors will also accept Arial font in 10-point or 12-point, but you should check with your professor before deciding to choose it.
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Double-space the text. All the text on your abstract should be double-spaced.
- "Double-spaced" means that lines of texts are separated by a blank line.
- Aside from the abstract, the entire paper should also be double-spaced.
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Center the word "Abstract" at the top of the page. The word comes below the page header, as the first line of normal text. [3] X Research source
- The first letter of the word is capitalized, but the rest of the word is in lower-case.
- Do not bold, italicize, or underline the word, and do not use quotation marks. The word should stand alone and in normal font.
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Begin the text of your abstract below. On the line immediately following the word "Abstract," the first line of your actual summary should appear. Do not indent the paragraph.
- Keep it short. A standard APA abstract is 150 to 250 words long and contained in a single paragraph.
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Include keywords below the abstract text. If requested, place a list of keywords on your abstract page on the line immediately following the actual text of your abstract. [4] X Research source
- Indent as though starting a new paragraph.
- Type the word "Keywords" in italics. Capitalize the "K" and follow it with a colon.
- In normal, non-italicized font, follow the colon with three to four keywords describing the paper. These keywords should each appear in the text of the abstract. Separate them with commas.
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Write your abstract last. Since your abstract is a summary of your paper's contents, you should write it once the contents of your paper are finalized.
- To reflect the fact that it is a summary, your abstract should use present tense when referring to results and conclusions and past tense when referring to methods and measurements taken. Do not use future tense.
- Reread your essay before writing the abstract to refresh your memory. Pay close attention to the purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations mentioned in your paper.
- Write a rough draft of your abstract without looking directly at your paper. This will help you to summarize without copying key sentences from your paper.
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Know which type of abstract you need to write. An abstract can either be informational or descriptive. [5] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source
- An informational abstract states the purpose, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations included in your report. The abstract should highlight essential points in order to allow the reader to decide whether or not to read the rest of the report. Its total length should be about 10 percent or less of the length of the report.
- Descriptive abstracts include the purpose, methods, and scope defined in the report, but not the results, conclusions, or recommendations. These abstracts are less common to APA style and usually fall under 100 words. The purpose is the introduce the subject to the reader, essentially teasing the reader into reading the report in order to learn the results.
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Ask yourself questions about your paper. In order to write a thorough informative abstract, you should ask yourself various questions about the purpose and results of your work.
- For instance, ask yourself why you did the study, what you did, how you did it, what you found, and what those findings signify.
- If your paper is about a new method, ask yourself what the advantages of the new method are and how well it works.
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Only include details used in your essay. The abstract exists to summarize your paper, so including information in the abstract not used in the paper is a little like false advertising.
- Even if the information is closely tied to information used in the paper, it does not belong in the abstract.
- Note that you can and should use different wording in your abstract. The information should be the same as the information in your paper, but the way that information is phrased should differ.
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Let the abstract stand alone. The abstract should be dense and phrased in a way that allows it to be read alone.
- Avoid phrases like, "This paper will look at..." Since the abstract is so short, you should cut straight to the facts and details of your paper instead of spending effort explaining their connection to your paper.
- Do not rephrase or repeat the title since the abstract is almost always read along with the title.
- The abstract should be complete on its own since it is often read without the rest of the paper.
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Do not comment on your findings. Report on your findings rather than commenting on them. [6] X Research source
- You can and should state your findings, but do not attempt to justify them. The paper itself should be used to justify your findings and provide additional support, not the abstract.
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Avoid using the first person. Do not use "I" or "we." Instead, opt for neutral third person words like "it," "they," "he or she," and "one."
- You should also stick with active verbs more often than passive verbs.
- For instance, the strongest statement for an abstract would be, "research shows." Avoid using phrases like "I researched" or "it was researched."
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Avoid abbreviations. While abbreviations and acronyms may appear in the text of the essay, they should not appear in the abstract. [7] X Trustworthy Source Simply Psychology Popular site for evidence-based psychology information Go to source
- Also avoid trade names and symbols.
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Sample Abstracts
Community Q&A
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QuestionIn the sample abstracts, why are the first lines indented?Community AnswerThey shouldn't be. In some of the pictures in Methods 1 and 2 they aren't indented, but in others they are. Likely just an oversight, but abstracts do not indent the first line.
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QuestionAre references included in the abstract?Community AnswerNo, they are not.
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QuestionDo the keywords count towards the 150-250 words needed in an abstract?Community AnswerNo, I wish that they did though.
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Tips
- If you are writing a short APA paper for a professor and the instructions do not specifically call for an abstract, ask the professor to verify that he or she actually wants one. While APA style officially promotes the use of abstracts for all papers, many professors will allow or even prefer that you skip the abstract if the assignment only calls for a 1- to 2-page paper.Thanks
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References
- ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html
- ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/abstract-keywords-guide.pdf
- ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids/abstract-keywords-guide.pdf
- ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/APA7/abstracts
- ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/abstracts/
- ↑ https://morningside.libguides.com/APA7/abstracts
- ↑ https://www.simplypsychology.org/abstract.html
About This Article
Article Summary
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To write an abstract in APA format, start by writing your paper first. After your paper is done, go back and reread what you've written to identify your purpose, methods, scope, results, and conclusions. State these clearly in your abstract, starting with a broad declaration of your topic, like "This paper explores the role of gender on career ambitions" and then providing more specific information about what is covered in your paper. As you write, use present tense and avoid using first person pronouns like "I" or "me." To learn how to format your font and headings correctly in APA format, read on!
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Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 702,469 times.
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