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子宫颈癌是发生在子宫颈(子宫底部)的癌症。好发年龄为20到50岁,但是任何年龄的女性都有可能患病。绝大多数患者都没有定期接受医疗护理,和子宫颈抹片检查。好在只要及早发现和接受治疗,子宫颈癌是可以治愈的。 [1] X 可靠来源 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 前往来源 你需要留意的主要症状是阴道异常出血和疼痛。一般来说,当癌前病变或不正常的细胞变成浸润性癌,才会出现症状。所以,一发现有变化,一定要尽快就医。定期做子宫颈抹片和人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)检查,可以帮助你在癌前病变演变成子宫颈癌之前,及早发现它们。 [2] X 可靠来源 American Cancer Society 前往来源 [3] X 可靠来源 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 前往来源
步骤
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一旦出现症状,请尽快就医。 延误治疗会导致病情恶化,降低治愈的几率。 [28] X 可靠来源 American Cancer Society 前往来源 [29] X 研究来源
- 医生会询问你的症状、个人和家族病史。她也会告诉你患上子宫颈癌的风险因素,比如有许多性伴侣、过早发生性行为、患有其它性病、免疫力低下和抽烟。 [30] X 可靠来源 Mayo Clinic 前往来源 [31] X 可靠来源 American Cancer Society 前往来源
- 医生会检查身体,确认你的整体健康状况。她也会给你做子宫颈抹片和人乳头状瘤病毒(HPV)检查(如果你之前没有做过)。这些筛查只能识别子宫颈癌的征兆,不能用来确诊。 [32] X 可靠来源 American Cancer Society 前往来源
- 当子宫颈抹片检查结果不正常,和(或)出现符合子宫颈癌的症状,医生会进行诊断性检查。在阴道镜检查中,医生用窥器打开阴道(就像扩张器一样)。它也会放大子宫颈,好让医生看见子宫颈是否有不正常的地方。医生也会刮取少许内子宫颈细胞(最靠近子宫的部位) [33] X 可靠来源 American Cancer Society 前往来源 ,和(或)以圆锥状方式切除活体组织。之后,交给病理学家用显微镜检查,诊断细胞是否出现癌前病变或癌变。 [34] X 可靠来源 American Cancer Society 前往来源
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定期做子宫颈抹片检查。 这项检查可以发现癌前细胞。如果不及早接受适当的治疗,癌前细胞会变成子宫颈癌。 [37] X 可靠来源 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 前往来源 建议所有21到65岁的女性都要做这项检查,可以在医生办公室或诊所进行。
- 妇科医生会用窥器扩张和插入阴道。医生在检查阴道和子宫颈的时候,会采集子宫颈细胞、粘液和周围组织。然后把样本涂抹在玻片上,或放进装满液体的瓶子里,送到实验室。研究员用显微镜检查它们是否有异常。 [38] X 可靠来源 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 前往来源
- 即使你目前没有活跃的性生活,甚至是已经到了绝经期,也应该定期做这项检查。 [39] X 可靠来源 US Office on Women's Health 前往来源
- 查看你买的医药保险是否可以帮你支付检查费用。没有买保险?也许社区诊所有提供免费或价格低廉的检查服务。 [40] X 可靠来源 US Office on Women's Health 前往来源
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询问医生你得多久做一次子宫颈抹片和HPV检查。 医生根据许多因素决定你的检查频率,或之后是否需要进行跟进检查,其中包括年龄、性爱史、之前的子宫颈抹片检查是否有异常,和你之前是否曾经感染过HPV。 [48] X 可靠来源 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 前往来源
- 大多数21到29岁的女性应该每3年做一次子宫颈抹片检查。30到64岁的女性应该每3年做一次子宫颈抹片检查,每5年同时做一次子宫颈抹片和HPV检查。 [49] X 可靠来源 US Office on Women's Health 前往来源
- 如果你的免疫力低下、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)检测呈阳性,或是子宫颈抹片检查结果异常,应该询问医生是否需要更常做抹片检查。 [50] X 可靠来源 US Office on Women's Health 前往来源
- 子宫颈癌是全世界女性最常患上的癌症之一,但是在将子宫颈癌筛查、子宫颈抹片和HPV检查列为常规检查的国家中比较少见,比如美国。. [51] X 可靠来源 American Cancer Society 前往来源
- 及早获取诊断和治疗。出现严重变化的癌前子宫颈细胞更容易演变成癌细胞。从正常到不正常再变成浸润性癌,这个过程可能需要10年,也可能更快。 [52] X 研究来源
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参考
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/pdf/cervical_facts.pdf
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening.htm
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.everydayhealth.com/pms/irregular-periods.aspx
- ↑ http://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause
- ↑ http://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/vaginal-hysterectomy/basics/what-you-can-expect/prc-20020565
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.everydayhealth.com/pms/irregular-periods.aspx
- ↑ http://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.menstruation-info-with-doc.com/menstruation-blood.html
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/hysterectomy.html
- ↑ http://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/difference-perimenopause
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening.htm
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://report.nih.gov/nihfactsheets/viewfactsheet.aspx?csid=76
- ↑ http://www.menstruation-info-with-doc.com/menstruation-blood.html
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/When-Sex-Is-Painful
- ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004016.htm
- ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004016.htm
- ↑ http://www.acog.org/Patients/FAQs/When-Sex-Is-Painful
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/cervical-cancer/symptoms-and-signs
- ↑ http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cervical-cancer/basics/risk-factors/con-20030522
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-diagnosis
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-diagnosis
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-what-is-cervical-cancer
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-diagnosis
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/moreinformation/cervicalcancerpreventionandearlydetection/cervical-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection-cervical-cancer-signs-and-symptoms
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-prevention
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening.htm
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening.htm
- ↑ http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/pap-test.html
- ↑ http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/pap-test.html
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening.htm
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/pdf/cervical_facts.pdf
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/basic_info/screening.htm
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-what-is-cervical-cancer
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-what-is-cervical-cancer
- ↑ http://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/healthy+living/recommended+health+checks/pap+smears/pap+smear+results+what+do+they+mean
- ↑ http://www.womenshealth.gov/screening-tests-and-vaccines/screening-tests-for-women/index.html
- ↑ http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/cervical/pdf/cervical_facts.pdf
- ↑ http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/pap-test.html
- ↑ http://www.womenshealth.gov/publications/our-publications/fact-sheet/pap-test.html
- ↑ http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cervicalcancer/detailedguide/cervical-cancer-key-statistics
- ↑ https://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/cervical/cervical-cancer/precancerous-conditions/?region=bc
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