How to Identify Elderberry

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The elderberry plant is a fruiting plant that is native to North America, Europe, and parts of South America. The berries of the plant are often used in homeopathic remedies for pain and the common cold. If you want to identify an elderberry plant in your area, look for clusters of small white flowers, drooping purple fruit, and hard, woody bark. Never eat the seeds, stems, leaves, or roots of the elderberry plant, as they are poisonous in high doses. [1]

Method 1
Method 1 of 2:

Identifying Habitat, Bark, and Leaves

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  1. Elderberry most commonly grows in a bushy, shrub-like pattern. They often start at a small base in the ground and then billow outwards. Mature elderberry plants can range from 9 to 12 feet (2.7 to 3.7 m) tall. [2]
    • Elderberry can also grow in a small, single-stem tree pattern, but that is much less common.
    • European elderberries can grow to up to 20 feet (6.1 m) tall. [3]
  2. Elderberry plants love to grow in moist habitats that have a lot of drainage. If you think you are looking at an elderberry but you aren’t quite sure, check to see if you are near a stream or if the soil is moist or damp. [4]
    • Elderberry is native to most of North America and Europe, and can also be found in some parts of South America.
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  3. New growth on an elderberry plant is smooth and brown, but it gets harder and more wood-like later on. Check large plants for woody brown bark that feels tough and is hard to bend. The oldest part of the plant will most likely be toward the base. [5]
    • If you break a younger branch you will often find it is soft or hollow in the middle. [6]
    • Old growth on an elderberry plant will need a tool to cut through it, like loppers or a saw.
    • The elderberry plant can look similar to a water hemlock, but a water hemlock has a green stem with purple streaks, not woody brown bark. [7] Water hemlock is poisonous and should not be eaten.
  4. The leaves of the elderberry plant are light green and can be anywhere from 2 to 5 inches (5.1 to 12.7 cm) long and 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5.1 cm) wide. Feel the edges of the leaves to see if they are finely serrated and check for a thin point at the end of the leaves.

    Tip: If you touch the leaves, they may be slightly hairy.

  5. The leaves of an elderberry plant grow in groups of 5 to 11 on 1 branch. They grow opposite from each other, meaning that 2 leaves grow directly across the branch from each other out of the same node. [8]
    • A cluster of 7 leaves on 1 branch is the most common.
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Method 2
Method 2 of 2:

Finding Flowers and Fruit

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  1. One of elderberry’s most identifying traits is its flowers that bloom on the ends of branched stalks (like the head of a cow parsnip). [9] In July and August, the elderberry plant explodes in small, white-colored flowers that most often have 5 petals. They are usually 1 ⁄ 4  in (0.64 cm) wide with 5 small stamens, or long skinny stalks, at the top. [10]
    • When in bloom, the elderberry plant creates a stark contrast between the green leaves and the white flowers.
    • European elderberries bloom a few months earlier than American elderberries. [11]
  2. Elderberry flowers don’t grow individually. Instead, they form clusters at the top of the elderberry plant that create a “flat” effect. From far away, these clusters can look like large, individual flowers. [12]
    • The “flat” effect is created because the tops of each flower is flat. When they are grouped together, this look becomes more prominent.
  3. Elderberry plants produce elderberries in July and August that look rather like black currants. [13] This fruit grows in clusters of 10 to 20 and each individual fruit is less than 1 ⁄ 4  in (0.64 cm) wide. As the fruit matures, the branches will bend from their weight. [14]
    • Red elderberry bears bright red fruit. [15]
    • Aralia plants also bear purple, fleshy fruit that can look similar to elderberries. If the plant has spikes or thorns on the stems and branches, it is most likely an aralia plant and you should not eat the berries since they are mildly poisonous. [16]

    Tip: Elderberries are edible and are often used in recipes and homeopathic remedies.

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  • Question
    What does elderberry flowers look like?
    Michael Simpson, PhD
    Registered Professional Biologist
    Dr. Michael Simpson (Mike) is a Registered Professional Biologist in British Columbia, Canada. He has over 20 years of experience in ecology research and professional practice in Britain and North America, with an emphasis on plants and biological diversity. Mike also specializes in science communication and providing education and technical support for ecology projects. Mike received a BSc with honors in Ecology and an MA in Society, Science, and Nature from The University of Lancaster in England as well as a Ph.D. from the University of Alberta. He has worked in British, North American, and South American ecosystems, and with First Nations communities, non-profits, government, academia, and industry.
    Michael Simpson, PhD
    Registered Professional Biologist
    Expert Answer
    The common elderberry has large leaves and sprays of tiny white flowers that occur on the ends of branched stalks.
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  • Question
    Do elderberry flowers turn into berries?
    Michael Simpson, PhD
    Registered Professional Biologist
    Dr. Michael Simpson (Mike) is a Registered Professional Biologist in British Columbia, Canada. He has over 20 years of experience in ecology research and professional practice in Britain and North America, with an emphasis on plants and biological diversity. Mike also specializes in science communication and providing education and technical support for ecology projects. Mike received a BSc with honors in Ecology and an MA in Society, Science, and Nature from The University of Lancaster in England as well as a Ph.D. from the University of Alberta. He has worked in British, North American, and South American ecosystems, and with First Nations communities, non-profits, government, academia, and industry.
    Michael Simpson, PhD
    Registered Professional Biologist
    Expert Answer
    The white flowers from the common elderberry turn to small fruits that are green when unripe and a dark blue or black when ripe
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  • Question
    What does the wood of an elderberry tree look like?
    Michael Simpson, PhD
    Registered Professional Biologist
    Dr. Michael Simpson (Mike) is a Registered Professional Biologist in British Columbia, Canada. He has over 20 years of experience in ecology research and professional practice in Britain and North America, with an emphasis on plants and biological diversity. Mike also specializes in science communication and providing education and technical support for ecology projects. Mike received a BSc with honors in Ecology and an MA in Society, Science, and Nature from The University of Lancaster in England as well as a Ph.D. from the University of Alberta. He has worked in British, North American, and South American ecosystems, and with First Nations communities, non-profits, government, academia, and industry.
    Michael Simpson, PhD
    Registered Professional Biologist
    Expert Answer
    The wood is distinctive as it is less dense than on most other shrubs and trees. If you break a branch you will often find it is soft or hollow in the middle.
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      Warnings

      • Elderberry seeds, stems, leaves, and roots are poisonous to humans and animals if eaten in large quantities. [17] However, elderberry juice and syrup might be effective in treating a cold if prepared with the proper precautions.
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      References

      1. ↑ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/common-elderberry
      2. ↑ https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sambucus-canadensis/
      3. ↑ https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/elderberry/elderberry-bush-varieties.htm
      4. ↑ https://webapps15.dnr.state.mn.us/restore_your_shore/plants/plant_detail/325
      5. ↑ https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sambucus-canadensis/
      6. ↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.
      7. ↑ http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/seminoleco/2018/01/31/elderberry-vs-water-hemlock/
      8. ↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.
      9. ↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.
      1. ↑ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/common-elderberry
      2. ↑ https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/edible/fruits/elderberry/elderberry-bush-varieties.htm
      3. ↑ https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/sambucus-canadensis/
      4. ↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.
      5. ↑ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/common-elderberry
      6. ↑ http://nativeplantspnw.com/red-elderberry-sambucus-racemosa/
      7. ↑ https://www.nybg.org/files/scientists/rnaczi/Mistaken_Identity_Final.pdf
      8. ↑ https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/shrub/common-elderberry

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