How to Test Hardness of a Mineral

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If you want to identify a mineral, a hardness test can give you valuable information. You'll probably need to do a scratch test to in order to find what minerals are harder than your sample. Then, you can refer to the Mohs hardness scale, which ranks common minerals by hardness. This scale was developed over 200 years ago and it's still the accepted way to test a mineral's hardness.

Part 1
Part 1 of 2:

Doing the Scratch Test

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    If you're testing more than 1 mineral and want to keep track of the data, get out a piece of graph paper and list the mineral samples on the left column. Then, make 5 columns along the top of the paper and write these in the spaces from left to right: [1]

    Tip: These columns help you keep track of what you use to scratch the mineral or what substances your mineral is able to scratch. If you're only testing 1 or 2 minerals, feel free to do the test without recording the data on a graph.

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    Always start the scratch test with the softest material, which is your fingernail. Take your first sample and try to scratch the surface with your fingernail. If your fingernail doesn't leave a mark on the mineral, try to scratch it with something harder. [5] [6]
    • Write down your findings and continue the scratch test.
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    Work with the same mineral sample and get out a copper penny. The penny has a hardness level of 3 compared to the 2.5 hardness of your fingernail. See if this harder material leaves a mark on your mineral. [7] [8]
    • If you get a scratch with the copper but not with the fingernail, you know that the mineral has a hardness of at least 3 since that's the hardness of the copper.
    • If you're unsure whether your mineral or the penny is harder, try scratching the penny with the mineral. If the mineral leaves a mark, the mineral is harder.
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    Next, try to scratch the surface with the sharp end of a steel nail. If it leaves a mark, this means your mineral has a hardness of at least 5.5. [9]
    • If it doesn't leave a mark, the mineral must be below a 5.5 hardness, which will help you narrow down the mineral when you interpret your results.
    • You can also use a pocket knife or rock hammer for this part of the test. [10]
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    At 7, quartz is one of the hardest objects you might have around the house to use in the experiment. Really push the quartz hard against the surface of your mineral and try a back and forth movement to leave a scratch. [11]
    • If the quartz didn't scratch your sample, your mineral is harder, which means it could be topaz, sapphire, or diamond.
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    Once you've tested the first mineral, repeat the process for each of your mineral samples. If you're tracking the info on a graph, now you can look at results and write the minerals' hardness in the right-hand column. [12]
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Part 2
Part 2 of 2:

Interpreting the Results

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    Since an object can only scratch the mineral if it's the same hardness or harder, look for the hardest object that was able to scratch the mineral. This lets you know that the mineral can't be harder than this object. [13]
    • For example, if both your fingernail and the penny were able to scratch the mineral, the penny is the harder object.
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    Your mineral's hardness falls between the object that could leave a mark and the one that doesn't. This helps you narrow down the range of your mineral's hardness. [14]
    • For example, if your fingernail and the penny were able to scratch the mineral but the steel nail couldn't, your mineral can't be harder than a 3.
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    You might find that you can't easily tell if an object scratched the mineral. This can mean that they're about the same hardness, especially if you try to scratch the object with your mineral sample and you get the same result.
    • If you're trying to rub a limestone sample against a calcite sample or the copper penny, they might make faint scratches since they all have a hardness of 3, for instance.
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    Check all of your data to narrow down a hardness level for your mineral. Then, look at the Mohs hardness scale to identify minerals that have the same hardness level. [15]
    • For example, if the copper penny (3) didn't scratch the mineral but a steel nail (5.5) did, you know that the hardness is between these. You can safely estimate the hardness of your mineral to be 4, which might be fluorite.

    Did You Know? These are the 10 minerals by hardness level on the Mohs hardness scale:
    1 Talc
    2 Gypsum
    3 Calcite
    4 Fluorite
    5 Apatite
    6 Orthoclase
    7 Quartz
    8 Topaz
    9 Corundum
    10 Diamond

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Expert Q&A

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  • Question
    How can you tell if something is calcite or quartz?
    Sam Lagor, MSc
    Geologist
    Sam Lagor is a Geologist with over eight years of experience. He specializes in engineering geology (dams, bridges, and tunnels) and mineral exploration (gold, lead/zinc, andindustrial minerals). Sam holds a BS in Geology from St. Lawrence University and an MS in Geology from The University of Vermont. He is also a member of the Geological Society of America and the American Institute of Professional Geologists.
    Sam Lagor, MSc
    Geologist
    Expert Answer
    Quartz has a hardness of 7 while calcite has a hardness of 3. You can't scratch calcite with your fingernail, but you can scratch it with just about anything else.
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      Tips

      • Although there are other ways to identify a mineral, the Mohs hardness scale is the only way to test a mineral's hardness. [16]
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      • If you can't tell if an object scratched your sample, rub the surface. If it's just left powder, your finger will wipe it off or you'll be able to see the scratch more clearly.
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      Warnings

      • Be careful when you're scratching sharp minerals with sharp objects. You don't want to cut your hand if the mineral or object slips!
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      Things You'll Need

      • Paper
      • Pencil or pen
      • Ruler
      • Mineral samples
      • A copper penny
      • A steel nail
      • Quartz, optional

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      References

      1. ↑ https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/mohs-hardness-test-minerals/
      2. ↑ Sam Lagor, MSc. Geologist. Expert Interview. 7 October 2021.
      3. ↑ Sam Lagor, MSc. Geologist. Expert Interview. 7 October 2021.
      4. ↑ Sam Lagor, MSc. Geologist. Expert Interview. 7 October 2021.
      5. ↑ https://youtu.be/9r7C5SD14Hw?t=32
      6. ↑ Sam Lagor, MSc. Geologist. Expert Interview. 7 October 2021.
      7. ↑ https://youtu.be/9r7C5SD14Hw?t=68
      8. ↑ Sam Lagor, MSc. Geologist. Expert Interview. 7 October 2021.
      9. ↑ https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/mohs-hardness-test-minerals/
      1. ↑ Sam Lagor, MSc. Geologist. Expert Interview. 7 October 2021.
      2. ↑ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ794015.pdf
      3. ↑ https://www.education.com/science-fair/article/mohs-hardness-test-minerals/
      4. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/articles/mohs-hardness-scale.htm
      5. ↑ https://www.nps.gov/articles/mohs-hardness-scale.htm
      6. ↑ http://scienceviews.com/geology/mohs.html
      7. ↑ https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ794015.pdf

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