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Nearly every encounter between medical personnel and a patient includes taking a medical history. The level of detail the history contains depends on the patient's chief complaint and whether time is a factor. When there is time for a complete history, it can include primary, secondary and tertiary histories of the chief complaint, a review of the patient's symptoms, and a past medical history.
Steps
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Take down the patient's name, age, height, weight and chief complaint or complaints.
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Gather the primary history. [1] X Research source
- Ask the patient to expand on the chief complaint or complaints. In particular, ask about anything that the patient was unclear about or that you don't understand.
- Get specific numbers for things like how long the patient has had the symptoms or how much pain, on a scale of 0 to 10, the patient is experiencing.
- Record, as accurately as you can, what the patient tells you. Don't add your interpretation to what you hear. [2] X Research source
- Reader Poll: We asked 311 wikiHow readers who've interviewed patients, and 46% of them agreed that the best way to make them feel at ease is by practicing active listening. [Take Poll]
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Expand with the secondary history. This is where you ask about any symptoms the patient is experiencing that are related to the chief complaint. Associated symptoms are often the key to making a correct diagnosis.
- The patient may not recognize that associated symptoms are related to the chief complaint and may not even view them as symptoms. You will have to interpret what you hear to complete this section of the medical history.
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Take the tertiary history. This is anything in the patient's past medical history that may have something to do with the current chief complaint. By this point, you may already be fairly certain about the diagnosis, so you can home in on specific problems or events that support it. [3] X Research source
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Include a review of symptoms. This is simply a list, by area of the body, of anything that the patient feels might not be normal. It's best to have the list of body areas in mind as you question the patient so you don't forget to ask about each one. Question the patient about these areas: [4] X Research source
- General constitution
- Skin and breasts
- Eyes, ears, nose, throat and mouth
- Cardiovascular system
- Respiratory system
- Gastrointestinal system
- Genitals and urinary system
- Musculoskeletal system
- Neurological or psychological symptoms
- Immunologic, lymphatic and endocrine system
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Interview the patient for a past medical history. This is background information on anything having to do with the patient's health, not just the current chief complaint. At a minimum it should include the following, but be prepared to take down any information the patient gives you that might be relevant: [5] X Research source
- Allergies and drug reactions
- Current medications, including over-the-counter drugs
- Current and past medical or psychiatric illnesses or conditions
- Past hospitalizations
- Immunization status
- Use of tobacco, alcohol or recreational drugs
- Reproductive status (if female), including date of last menstrual period, last gynecological exam, pregnancies and contraception method
- Information on children
- Family status, including whether the patient is married, who the patient lives with and other relationships. Include questions about the patient's current sexual activity and history.
- Occupation, particularly if it includes exposure to hazardous materials
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Expert Q&A
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QuestionAre there any other ways to store medical records and history?Arvind Madan is a Nephrologist based in Orlando, Florida. With over 23 years of experience, Arvind works as a Physician at Central FL Kidney Specialists and is the Principal Investigator of the research division there. Arvind is certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine, with a sub-specialty in Nephrology. He is an Assistant Professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Central Florida’s College of Medicine. He is also an Assistant Professor of Medicine at Orlando College of Osteopathic Medicine (OCOM). He received his MD from Maulana Azad Medical College at Delhi University and completed his residency at Nassau County Medical Center.So physicians today also use an electronic medical record system where they document in detail the visit and what the patient is there for. They use this by stating the patient's main complaint, major complaint, duration, onset, worsening, improving, or staying the same. They also add associated symptoms that led to the chief complaint. Then, they create and document the social history, family history, and review of systems for the patient. For specific issues, like a patient who smokes and has a cough with blood in the sputum, there is a sequence of questions about that symptom. This permits a person to acquire a comprehensive yet unique medical history, which can then be typed into an electronic record and can be accessed using their name or unique ID.
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References
- ↑ https://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/write.htm
- ↑ https://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/write.htm
- ↑ https://med.ucf.edu/media/2018/08/Guide-to-the-Comprehensive-Pediatric-H-and-P-Write-up.pdf
- ↑ https://meded.ucsd.edu/clinicalmed/ros.html
- ↑ https://www.rch.org.au/clinicalguide/guideline_index/Writing_a_good_medical_report/
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