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Everything you need to know to stay safe and avoid toxic death caps while you forage
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The death cap mushroom ( Amanita phalloides ) is one of the deadliest mushrooms in the world. Because of the serious threat it poses, it ‘s important for fungal foragers to know how to identify a death cap, especially since many people mistake it for the edible paddy straw mushroom. Before you go munching on that strange shroom, take a look at our handy guide. It includes everything from cap and stalk identification to smell, taste, geographic distribution, and scientific info to keep you safe while you go searching for your next tasty morsel.
Things You Should Know
- Look for sticky, yellow or green tinted caps that are up to 6 in (15 cm) wide and crowded, white gills underneath.
- Examine the stalk size. Death cap stalks are usually 5–18 cm (2.0–7.1 in) tall and 1–2.5 cm (0.39–0.98 in) thick.
- Check for a distinct, ammonia-like odor, and look for death caps around the bases of oaks or pine trees.
- Death caps originated in Europe, but have become invasive species in many places like the Mediterranean, Africa, Australia, West Asia, and parts of the US.
Steps
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Look for a green or yellow tint on the top of the mushroom’s white cap. The color of a death cap mushroom can vary based on its growing conditions. In general, though, the caps are off-white and can have tints of olive green, pale green, or yellow. Older mushroom caps can become almost brown. [1] X Expert Source Michael Simpson, PhD
Registered Professional Biologist Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.- The caps of mature mushrooms also often have 1 or 2 large cracks running across them. [3] X Research source
- Death caps often have 1 or more patches of thin, white, veil-like tissue.
Note: The Amanita caesarea mushroom, which is perfectly safe to eat (although sometimes mistaken for a death cap), has a bright orange-colored cap. [2] X Research source
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Look for a flat cap with a diameter between 3–6 in (7.6–15.2 cm). Mature death caps are wide and nearly flat on top. Use a ruler or a tape measure to find the distance from one edge of the cap to the opposite edge to check the diameter. [4] X Expert Source Michael Simpson, PhD
Registered Professional Biologist Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.- It’s safe to touch the mushroom directly without wearing gloves . The mushroom’s toxins can only harm you if you ingest them (but we recommend gloves, anyway).
- Mature paddy straw mushrooms have caps that are similar to death caps in size and shape, which can make it hard to differentiate them. [5] X Research source
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Inspect immature death cap mushrooms for a very rounded cap. If the diameter of the cap is less than 3–6 in (7.6–15.2 cm), examine the shape. Young death caps have an almost spherical, bowl-shaped cap. They may be so rounded that they curve around and nearly touch the stalk. [6] X Research source
- A newly sprouted death cap may look like a dumpling with a white, smooth, faintly furry surface. [7]
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Expert Source
Michael Simpson, PhD
Registered Professional Biologist Expert Interview. 25 June 2021. - Edible puffball mushrooms can sometimes look like death caps, making it tricky to identify edible mushrooms as opposed to poisonous ones. To check, slice open the mushroom. If it has a solid inside with no gills, it’s an edible puffball. [8] X Research source
Note: Young and mature death caps are equally toxic. The amount of toxins in 1 mushroom is enough to kill an adult, and a few bites would be enough to kill a child or pet.
- A newly sprouted death cap may look like a dumpling with a white, smooth, faintly furry surface. [7]
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Expert Source
Michael Simpson, PhD
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Check for crowded white gills underneath the cap. The death cap mushroom displays thin white gills on the underside of the cap. Flip the mushroom’s cap upside down (you may need to crouch down close to the ground) and take a look on the underside for gills. These fine gills are densely crowded together near the outer edges of the mushroom’s cap and are very finely attached to the stem. [9] X Research source
- Other amanitas mushrooms also have crowded gills beneath their caps, so the presence of gills alone isn’t a surefire indicator that the mushroom is a death cap. Use this as a clue, but be sure to rely on the other tells, as well.
- The paddy straw mushroom’s gills are pinkish brown, as opposed to the death cap’s white gills. Other mushrooms, such as those of the genus Agaricus, also have pink gills (although they turn brown as the mushrooms mature).
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Look for a whitish stalk that’s about 5–18 cm (2.0–7.1 in) tall. One of the death cap’s characteristics is its tall, white or yellowish stalk. This stalk is about 1–2.5 cm (0.39–0.98 in) thick, and elevates the cap above the forest floor. Either gently dig the mushroom out of the soil or brush away the soil around its base. Then, use a ruler or measuring tape to measure the stalk’s height, from the soil up to the bottom of the cap. [10] X Research source
- The stalk is typically a shade lighter in color than the cap itself. Death caps’ stalks are often also covered with a light layer of fine hairs.
- The edible Amanita caesarea mushroom has a yellow stem which is usually 2–3 inches (5.1–7.6 cm) shorter than that of the death cap mushroom. [11] X Research source
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Check out the base of the mushroom for a white, cup-like structure. The bulbous structure at bottom of the stalk is known as a “volva,” and it’s a remnant of the tissue that protected the mushroom’s gills while it grew. If the volva isn’t already exposed, use a trowel to dig down a bit into the soil or uproot the plant to find the lower part of the mushroom’s stalk. [12] X Research source The volva of a death cap mushroom can be fairly large, growing to an inch or so in diameter.
- The volva may break away or fall apart over time, so if it isn't present, the mushroom could still be an amanita mushroom.
- Paddy straw mushrooms also have a volva of roughly the same size, so finding a volva isn’t enough to guarantee that a mushroom is a death cap. [13] X Research source
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Inspect the top of the stalk for a loose, skirt-like membrane. The “skirt” of the death cap mushroom is a thin membrane that circles the stalk just beneath the mushroom’s cap. Tilt the mushroom to the side and take a look just beneath the base of the cap. This membrane will be white in color, and will appear to loosely cling to the top 2–3 inches (5.1–7.6 cm) of the stalk. [14] X Research source
- If you dig up and handle the death cap mushroom, you may inadvertently destroy this delicate skirt membrane.
- If you happen across a very young death cap mushroom, you’ll notice that this skirt goes from the stem to the edges of the cap, covering the mushroom’s gills.
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Smell the mushroom’s flesh for an ammonia-like odor. Hold the mushroom about 3 inches (7.6 cm) away from your nose and take a sniff. A death cap mushroom smells slightly like ammonia or other chemical household cleaners, giving it a unique scent in the mushroom world. [15] X Research source Use this test if you can’t tell from its physical appearance whether the mushroom is a death cap or other variety.
- While you’re smelling the mushroom, do not taste or ingest any. While you won’t die if a tiny bit enters your mouth, you could still become seriously ill.
- Most other types of mushrooms do not have a potent odor.
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Tap the cap with 1 or 2 fingers to see if it’s sticky. Make sure you tap lightly enough that you won’t break off part of the mushroom or knock it out of the ground. The caps of death cap mushrooms are often slightly sticky and may leave a small amount of adhesive residue behind on your fingers when you tap lightly on them. The cap might also feel slightly slippery to the touch. [16] X Research source
- Make sure to wash your hands thoroughly after you’ve touched the death cap. If you eat before washing your hands, you may become ill from the mushroom’s toxins.
Tip: The death cap is perfectly safe to touch, as its toxin is only dangerous if ingested. If you’re uncomfortable touching the poison mushroom, though, try wearing a pair of gloves.
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Collect a spore print and look for white spores left behind. To collect a spore print from a death cap mushroom, place the mushroom cap on a piece of dark-colored paper with the gills facing downward. Let the mushroom sit in this position overnight. The next morning, lift up the mushroom cap and look for a white spore print on the sheet of paper. A death cap mushroom will leave a white spore print. [17] X Research source
- If you’re dealing with the harmless paddy straw mushroom instead of a death cap, you’ll see a pink spore print on the paper.
- Make sure that no kids or pets can get into the room where you’re collecting the spore print while the death cap is resting on paper overnight.
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Find death caps within 1–15 feet (0.30–4.57 m) of tree trunks. In some cases, you’ll have to get quite close to the base of the tree to locate death cap mushrooms. Like many other mushroom species (e.g., the paddy straw), death caps are most frequently found in forested areas, since they exist in a symbiotic relationship with the trees’ roots. You can find them sprouting directly out of the roots in some cases. [18] X Research source
- Death caps can commonly be found beneath oak and pine trees as well as some beech, birch, chestnut, and eucalyptus trees.
- That said, you may find death cap mushrooms in some grassy areas, although this is relatively uncommon.
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Expect to see death caps in oak-filled temperate forests. The mushrooms originated in Europe, and are still found in many temperate European forests. They have spread across parts of the globe, though, and can thrive in temperate forests, especially those where oak trees are found in abundance. Death caps frequently crop up in North Africa, although don’t often appear in other parts of the continent. [19] X Research source
- Death caps also thrive in forested regions of southern Australia, specifically around the cities of Adelaide and Canberra. [20] X Research source
Note: In the U.S., death caps have been found among oaks in coastal areas, such as New Jersey, Oregon, and the San Francisco Bay area of California. Recently, they’ve been found in the Rocky Mountain region, as well.
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Look for death cap mushrooms during late summer and fall. In temperate latitudes, the death cap mushroom is found during late summer to late fall. During this time of the year, temperatures are favorable to the growth of many types of mushrooms, including the death cap. [21] X Research source It’s very unlikely that you’d find death caps in the wild during winter or spring.
- In North America and Europe, late summer through late fall would be from late August to late November. In Australia and South America, this would be from late February to late May.
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Community Q&A
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QuestionWill I die or get hert in any way by touching the death cap mushroom?This answer was written by one of our trained team of researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness.wikiHow Staff EditorStaff AnswerMerely touching a death cap poses no danger, but remember to wash your hands thoroughly afterward!
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QuestionWhat happens if you touch a death cap and then lick your finger?This answer was written by one of our trained team of researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness.wikiHow Staff EditorStaff AnswerWhile a small taste of a death cap may not be lethal, you may become seriously ill.
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QuestionHow common are death caps in the Pacific Northwest? I have a few i suspect and could send pictures.This answer was written by one of our trained team of researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness.wikiHow Staff EditorStaff AnswerDeath caps are an invasive species and have become fairly common in the Pacific Northwest, as well as in certain regions in the Rocky Mountains.
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Tips
- Some mushrooms in the amanita family, such as Amanita caesarea or Caesar's mushroom, can be eaten safely, but unless you can tell them apart from their deadly cousins, you should avoid them. [22] X Research sourceThanks
- Death caps are toxic due to proteins called “amatoxins.” Once binded, the amatoxins prevent the cells from creating new proteins needed for the body to function, leading to cell death, and the possible death of the entire organism. [23] X Research sourceThanks
- Contact your local poison control or hospital if you ingest a death cap.Thanks
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Warnings
- Symptoms of death cap poisoning often subside after a while, before getting even worse. This causes many victims to make the mistake of skipping a hospital visit.Thanks
- If you’re foraging for mushrooms to eat, it’s wise to err on the side of caution. If you’re not sure whether or not mushrooms are death caps, leave them alone.Thanks
- Death caps also pose severe risks to pets such as dogs or cats. If you’re in an area with death caps present, keep your dog leashed and monitored at all times.Thanks
- If you accidentally eat a poisonous member of the amanita mushroom family, seek treatment immediately. The longer you wait, the longer the toxins have to work on your body.Thanks
- Symptoms may not appear for 6-12 hours after eating a death cap, and they include abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea, but can culminate in organ damage, liver failure, or even death. [24] X Research sourceThanks
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References
- ↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.
- ↑ https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/deadly-mushroom-chemistry/5970.article
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html
- ↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.
- ↑ https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/deadly-mushroom-chemistry/5970.article
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html#death-cap-details
- ↑ Michael Simpson, PhD. Registered Professional Biologist. Expert Interview. 25 June 2021.
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html
- ↑ https://www.mushroomexpert.com/amanita_phalloides.html
- ↑ https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/deadly-mushroom-chemistry/5970.article
- ↑ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-30/death-cap-mushroom-facts/5420764
- ↑ https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/deadly-mushroom-chemistry/5970.article
- ↑ https://explore.beatymuseum.ubc.ca/mushroomsup/A_phalloides.html
- ↑ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-30/death-cap-mushroom-facts/5420764
- ↑ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-30/death-cap-mushroom-facts/5420764
- ↑ https://www.chemistryworld.com/features/deadly-mushroom-chemistry/5970.article
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html
- ↑ https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/science/herbarium/death-cap/
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html
- ↑ https://www.mushroom-appreciation.com/death-cap.html
- ↑ https://bcmj.org/articles/worlds-most-poisonous-mushroom-amanita-phalloides-growing-bc
- ↑ https://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/science/herbarium/death-cap/
About This Article
Article Summary
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To identify a death cap mushroom, look for a mushroom with an off-white cap, which may have a green or yellow tint. You should also measure the cap’s diameter. If it’s between 3 and 6 inches, which is the usual size for a death cap, err on the side of caution and don’t pick it. You can also identify a death cap by a loose, white membrane at the top of its stem that looks like a skirt. Another way to check is to tap the top of the cap and see if it makes your finger slightly sticky, which may indicate that it’s a death cap. Just makes sure you wash your hands after touching the mushroom, since the toxins can make you ill if they get in your mouth. For more tips, including how to identify a death cap mushroom before it’s fully grown, read on!
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