如何命名离子化合物

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离子化合物是由阴阳离子组成的化合物。要命名离子化合物，你需要先写出金属的名字，再写出非金属的名字，最后用“化”连接。如果你想了解如何命名各种离子化合物，请阅读本文。

方法 1
方法 1 的 3:

基本的离子化合物

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  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/5\/58\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-1.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-1.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/5\/58\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-1.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-1.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    本文以“NaCl”为例。 [1]
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/d\/df\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-2.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-2.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/d\/df\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-2.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-2.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    “Na”是钠，所以先写下“钠”。
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/8\/8f\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-3.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-3.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/8\/8f\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-3.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-3.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    “Cl”是氯，所以写下“氯”，并且在后面加上“化”。
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/3\/3a\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-4.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-4.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3a\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-4.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-4.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    NaCl的名字就是“氯化钠”。
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-5.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-5.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/e\/ec\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-5.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-5.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    写出化学式之后，你就可以试着命名了。记住一些简单化合物的名字，有助于你理解如何命名离子化合物。下面是一些例子：
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方法 2
方法 2 的 3:

过渡金属元素

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  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/49\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-6.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-6.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/49\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-6.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-6.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    过渡金属元素位于元素周期表的中间位置。之所以叫“过渡金属元素”的原因，是它的氧化数或电子数并不固定。比如化合物：Fe 2 O 3 [2]
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/6\/66\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-7.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-7.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/6\/66\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-7.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-7.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    金属的电子数为正，所以将“O 3 ”的“3”，标在“Fe”上，写出Fe的电荷数为+3（反过来，你还可以标出“O”的电荷数为-2）。有时，电子数是已知的。
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/4\/47\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-8.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-8.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/4\/47\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-8.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-8.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    由于“Fe”代表铁并且电子数+3，那么你可以加它“三价铁”。但要记住，这只是它的叫法，化学式并不需要这样写。
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/0\/0d\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-9.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-9.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/0\/0d\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-9.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-9.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    “O”代表氧，所以叫“氧化”。
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/7\/74\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-10.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-10.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/74\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-10.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-10.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    那么，Fe 2 O 3 = “三氧化二铁”
  6. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/7\/7e\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-11.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-11.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/7\/7e\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-11.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-11.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    如果金属离子数字的绝对值小，那么它就处于低价态；如果金属离子数字的绝对值大，那么它就处于高价态。Fe 2+ 的价态低（Fe 3+ 的价态高），所以它又叫“亚铁”。Fe 2+ O的名字就叫“氧化亚铁”。
  7. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-12.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-12.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/a\/a9\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-12.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-12.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    有两种过渡金属元素的电子数是确定的，它们是锌（Zn）和银（Ag）。所以直接命名即可。
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方法 3
方法 3 的 3:

多元离子化合物

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  1. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-13.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-13.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/b\/b4\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-13.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-13.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    多元离子化合物是指包含两种不同金属离子的化合物。例如：FeNH 4 (SO 4 ) 2 [3]
  2. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/fc\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-14.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-14.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/fc\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-14.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-14.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    你可能需要计算才能确定。首先，硫酸根，即SO 4 的电子数是-2，由于有两个硫酸根，所以2 x -2 = -4。然后，铵根，即NH 4 的电子数是+1。将-4和+1相加，得到-3，也就意味着铁离子（Fe）的电子数一定是+3，因为只有这样，整个化合物的电子数才为零。
  3. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-15.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-15.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/3\/3f\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-15.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-15.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    本例中，你可以写“三价铁”或“铁”。
  4. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-16.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-16.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/9\/9c\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-16.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-16.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    本例中，写出“铵”和“硫酸”，或者“硫酸铵”。
  5. {"smallUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images_en\/thumb\/f\/f5\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-17.jpg\/v4-460px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-17.jpg","bigUrl":"https:\/\/www.wikihow.com\/images\/thumb\/f\/f5\/Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-17.jpg\/v4-700px-Name-Ionic-Compounds-Step-17.jpg","smallWidth":460,"smallHeight":368,"bigWidth":700,"bigHeight":560,"licensing":"<div class=\"mw-parser-output\"><\/div>"}
    FeNH 4 (SO 4 ) 2 的名字就叫做“硫酸正铁铵”或“硫酸铁铵”。
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小提示

  • “价”之前的数字是阳离子的电子数。
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参考

  1. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lfc6jjp1WQ
  2. ↑ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Lfc6jjp1WQ
  3. ↑ http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/how-ionic-compounds-are-named.html

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